Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Racial Prejudices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Racial Prejudices - Research Paper Example According to Allport (1954), definition of prejudice is a negative bias directed to a particular group of people. On the hand, racism is has a foundation on beliefs and shown in behaviors that believes race to be a biological entity and claims other racial groups apart from their own are psychologically, intellectually and physically inferior (Allport, 1954). Pascoe (1985) describes racism that it results from race prejudice transformation and ethnocentrism through power exercise against another racial group regarded as inferior by institutions and individuals with unintentional and intentional support of the whole culture. Therefore, the racism core includes prejudiced mentality of superiority in a in group with a power exercise to subjugate a group considered out. Therefore, as prejudice is attitudinal in nature mainly, racism extends the attitude into a discriminating behavior against another group. Many theorists have tended to explain why racial prejudice is easy to develop. Som e claim that racial prejudice is one of the by-products of evolution for adaptive strategies for survival that make humans beings to distinguish between a foe and a friend (Oskamp, 2000). Furthermore, the process of natural selection programmed the human brain to depend on physical markers in assessment of a potential threat among competing different racial groupings. This perspective is echoed in prehistoric societies where interpersonal interactions among different tribes were noted to be dangerous in transmission of deadly diseases (Allport, 1954). Adaptive reactions to these threats were to attribute a potential threat to people of an out group who were identified by different physical features. From this perspective, racism and prejudice can be and has been embedded in the cultural, biological and social collective human consciousness. Pascoe (1985) points out that many scholars have conceptualized the psychodynamic of psychological processes thought to explain racial prejudice development and maintenance among the whites. The conceptual perspective views racial prejudice as an unconscious ego mechanism for defense designed for reduction of anxiety among most experience of white people due to conflicted super ego and id based racial feelings and thoughts (Oskamp, 2000). There are different sources of racial prejudice; key among them are various forms of fear. The expectation that another person will do harm , perception that the other’s difference in viewing the world will create to one’s own challenges, presumption that by interacting it will lead to rejection, embarrassment or ridicule and the fear generation of negative consequences due to negative stereotypes. According to Allport (1954), the theoretical support that suggests forcing of people to change their behaviors will results to a long term in change of attitude relates to the theory of cognitive dissonance that stipulates that people cannot think in a particular way and contrarily behave in a manner without interfering with the belief structure. Therefore, according to Pascoe (1985), two strategies can work to this problem: First, attention should be paid to the normative exertion to change behavior as contrary to legal pressure. Second, steps to be taken to make sure that the moral pressure conveyor is someone respected, similar to the target. Oskamp (2000) adds that strategies that try to change the
Monday, October 28, 2019
Euthanasia Pros And Cons Essay Example for Free
Euthanasia Pros And Cons Essay Introduction Health becomes everyone concerns since it influence our today’s activities. People who get sick will likely not feel up to do any activities and therefore reduce their effectiveness. This is the underlying reason why we witness growing number of nutrition supplement in recent days. The aims of such growth are to give our bodies additional synthetic foods to replace the natural ones that we should take but do not have time for it. Since cure takes lots of money and time, today people understand the need to take preventive instead of curative actions. However, at some cases, there are patients who cannot stand having a great suffer and they decide to end their life by medical practice called euthanasia. Euthanasia exists as one of medical approaches, which is commonly conducted in some countries. It is not supported by decree but some rules agree to a standard defense from general practitioners that have remained to official principles. This depends on charitableness of the demand and relievable-ness of the pain. Considering than euthanasia is debatable from the point of ethical view, therefore, the research statement of this paper is â€Å"amidst the endless debates over the practice of euthanasia, what are ethical arguments that both support and cons it.†Concerning the ethical issues, this paper will elaborate three ethical argument of euthanasia. Three Arguments of Euthanasia 2.1      Background of Euthanasia Euthanasia is the process or practice to end the life of a person who suffers from a severe disease by committing an unusual medical treatment. The objective of euthanasia is to end the pain of a person who has a terminal disease or devastating illness. Many people consider it as a medically accepted murder since, at some places; a general practitioner may legally decide not to extend the patient’s life. Many organizations oppose the practice of euthanasia by encouraging the use of advance medical technology, which has been used to lengthen the lives of patients who are continuing great suffering (â€Å"Euthanasia†). Technological progresses in medication have enabled to lengthen life in patients with no optimism of revival. The negative consideration of euthanasia has occurred because of the practice of using extraordinary means to save life. Under such circumstances, the positive consideration of performing euthanasia has come to mention acts that aggressively cause death. In practice, Euthanasia uses some methods such as antibiotics, drugs, or surgery in large quantity but eventually lethal pain medication is supplied. Euthanasia is an ordinary practice among U.S. hospitals and general practitioners (â€Å"Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions†). There are, in general, two methods of euthanasia: active or passive. Active euthanasia refers to the practice where a general practitioner simply put to death a person who suffers from terminal conditions. Meanwhile, passive euthanasia brings up any action of letting the patient to die, which may comprise failing to give needed medicine. Both of active and passive euthanasia can be voluntary, non-voluntary, or involuntary (â€Å"Euthanasia†). Ethical View of Euthanasia Oxford Advanced Learner’ Dictionary defines ethic as a system of moral principles and rule of conduct[1]. In the case of euthanasia, moral principle might apply not only for the patient but also for the medical industry in general. Concerning the ethical view, Gillon (1994) explains there are four ethical principles that are related to health care: respect autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and promote justice. In the case of euthanasia, we will discuss the role of three principles; they are respect autonomy, non-maleficence, and promote justice. 2.2.1   Respect Autonomy In the respect autonomy, the principle underlines the important to educate, communicate, respect, and empower. We found that autonomy becomes sensitive issues in the practice of euthanasia since it is both important and controversial since there is controversy between the medical ethics to strive for making people staying alive and the intention of family or individual to end someone’s life due to severe diseases that someone attains (Gillon, 1994). The importance of euthanasia has been found to play significant role in today’s health care industry although it generates a conflict between rights of individual and the family. In addition, people who support euthanasia have capitalized on people that confuse, and fear about the use of modern life-lengthening technologies. Being capable of deciding the time and manner of person’s death regardless the destiny is showed as the definitive freedom. On the other hand, a choice to take person’s life or to let a doctor to take life a suffering patient is very dissimilar from a choice to refuse extraordinary oppressive cure (â€Å"Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide†).            Furthermore, people must be cautious of those who force to end the lives of the elderly people and the severe patients. If people ever make a decision that break quality of life, they should provide good reasons for ending the life. There is dissimilarity between permitting nature to take its path and aggressively helping death. The term of euthanasia becomes famous in society since it is a kind of â€Å"death with self-respect†or helping suicide (â€Å"Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide†). Non- maleficence In the non-maleficence, the ethical view is to do no avoidable harm both to individuals and to groups (Gillon, 1994). In line with this view, the euthanasia may be seen as unethical practice since medically, any patients still have opportunity to heal and medical technology may help to lengthen life of patients with severe diseases. They also start to speculate whether they have the rights to get for themselves or their fellowmen an easy death, which will curtail suffering and appear to them more in agreement with human self-respect (â€Å"Declaration on Euthanasia†). Many people argue in the some states in answering the question of what comprises aggressively causing death and what comprises only permitting death to happen obviously. In a more extensive meaning, both shortest killing and â€Å"letting a patient to pass away,†where the movements required saving a life are not simply to be taken (â€Å"Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions†). Legalizing euthanasia would also contravene some public confidences about human rights and equal opportunity. Some of them declare human absolute rights to stay life, to have autonomy and the happiness. If people’s rights to stay alive are reduced in value, the other rights will have no sense. Peoples, who stand for the attentions of elderly and disable people, and those who suffer AIDS or other incurable sicknesses, by current medical technology, are reasonably feared of having judged to be killed by euthanasia method (â€Å"Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions†). Promote Justice. The third ethical view is the promote justice. It simply explains fair distribution of resources, respect for rights and respect for morally acceptable laws. One problem in euthanasia case is that it â€Å"is not fair.†We (the elderly or patients with severe diseases) are not â€Å"created equal†. Under such circumstances, the doctor has to try to create a level playing field, in the interests of justice (Gillon, 1994).            Concerning the promote of justice, some states in the U.S face constituent vote schemes and â€Å"legislation statements†trying to legalize euthanasia and help suicide. Public judgment concerning this subject has become more significant because extensive maintain could extremely well smooth the progress of the legalization of these policies in other states (â€Å"Declaration on Euthanasia†). A recent survey reveals that almost all of Americans support the practice of euthanasia. However, advanced research has illustrated that there are important disparities in levels of support for euthanasia across different social groups. Lately, these approaches have been accepting more awareness since they can control the legislation and recognize how to be concerned about the patients in the future (â€Å"Euthanasia suicide mercy-killing right-to-die physician assisted†). The regulation distinguishes that euthanasia is a practice that had been tolerated for many years in which it allows the practice of euthanasia and medical doctors who help to end someone life under some conditions. The conditions are the patient’s suffering is intolerable with no hope of recovery, the patients who ask for euthanasia must be voluntary and persevere over time, and the patient must be completely conscious of his/her situation, hopes and choices. Conclusion Euthanasia is the process or practice to end the life of a person who suffers from a severe disease by committing an unusual medical treatment. The objective of euthanasia is to end the pain of a person who has a terminal disease or devastating illness. Many people consider it as a medically accepted murder since, at some places; a general practitioner may legally decide not to extend the patient’s life. The practice of euthanasia is still debatable from the point of ethical view. This paper reveals three ethical view of its practice based on Gillon (1994), the three ethical views that we discuss in this paper are respect autonomy, non-maleficence, and promote justice. Works Cited â€Å"Euthanasia suicide mercy-killing right-to-die physician assisted.†2005. Retrieved October 15, 2006 from http://www.euthanasia.com â€Å"Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide.†2004. Retrieved October 15, 2006 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/euthanas.htm â€Å"Euthanasia.†2005. Retrieved October 15, 2006 http://ethics.acusd.edu/euthanasia.html â€Å"Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions.†2004. Retrieved October 15, 2006 fromhttp://ethics.acusd.edu/Applied/Euthanasia/ â€Å"Euthanasia.†2005. Retrieved October 15, 2006 from http://www.nrlc.org/euthanasia/index.html â€Å"Declaration on Euthanasia.†1980. Retrieved October 15, 2006 from http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19800505_euthanasia_en.html Gillon R. Medical ethics: four principles plus attention to scope. BMJ 1994; 309: 184-188 Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (4th ed.).(1989). [1] Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (4th ed.).(1989).
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Liberals LOVE Gun Control Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays
Liberals Love Gun Control     Gun Control can be called the 'acid test' of liberalism. All true liberals must favor stricter gun controls. After all, doesn't the United States have the most heavily armed population on the earth? Are we not the world's most violent people? Surely these facts must be at least casually connected. Therefore the apparently desperate need to "do something" about the vast quantity of firearms and firearms abuse is obvious.                Guns are employed in an enormous number of crimes in this country. In other countries with stricter gun laws, gun crimes are rare. Many of the firearms involved in crime are cheap handguns, so-called Saturday Night Specials for which there is no legitimate use or need.                The public is polarized on the issue of gun control, Anti-gun control activists believe that it is each and every American's individual right to bear arms. After all, the Second Amendment to the Constitution states that:                A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.                Advocates of gun control say that even with 20,000 gun control laws already in existence, the serious problems due to firearm misuse continue. Obviously, the controls that have been designed have not been sufficiently effective. Therefore the pro-gun controllers argue, we need more uniform legislation, more extensive gun controls, and effective enforcement.                Various pro-gun control organizations disagree on methods of gun control needed. For example, there are individuals who would ban all handgu... ...med there is less incidence of crime? The examples from California and Switzerland are evidence to that fact. Enough freedoms have already been lost in this country, can we afford to lose another? With some 20.000 firearms regulations now on the books, we do not need still more gun-control laws. We need to enforce the laws that we have now. It's time to stop the wait. The only thing Congress should rush is the adoption of meaningful criminal justice reforms to keep violent predators off our streets. We do not need more laws that restrict the ability and the right of honest women and men to protect themselves from criminal attack.  WORKS CITED  Lee, Patricia. "Fighting for Freedom." Guns & Ammo Sept. 1992: 26.  Cramer, Clayton. Are Concealed Carry Permits a Threat to Public Safety?. American Rifleman Sept. 1993: 27-28
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Comparison and contrast on the narrative point of view in metamorphosis and chronicles of a death foretold Essay
In metamorphosis Franz Kafka uses a narrative point of view called third person omniscient, where it is mostly limited since only his thoughts and feelings are presented, however on the other hand in the chronicles of a death foretold Garcà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½a Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rquez relates the plot of a murder about which everyone knows before it happens through the use of a narrator who tells the story in the first person, as a witness to the events that have occurred 27 years earlier, Yet the narrator is recounting the tale years later from an omniscient point of view, sharing all of the characters’ thoughts. I intend to compare and contrast both narrative point of views in both metamorphosis and chronicle of a death foretold, through affirming the techniques that are used to clarify this point of view such as diction, the use of black comedy, the use of irony etc. One of the properties of first person narration is that the narrator may be a character who tells the story as he/she sees it. The fact that a first person narrator tells the story from his/her point of view, in most cases tends to make the narrator unreliable and therefore unbelievable or doubtful for example in the chronicles of a death foretold the narrator states that Santiago Nasar is innocent this shows that the narrator is biased and unreliable. A first-person narrator gives his own point of view but does not know what other characters are thinking this is an ability usually reserved for the third-person omniscient point of view like in metamorphosis. The third-person omniscient point of view can enter the consciousness of any character therefore making him credible and more reliable than a first person narrator. In Kafka’s metamorphosis we sometimes see things through Gregor’s eyes, but more typically we see him omnisciently from the outside (from other characters like his father, his mother or his sister) this occurs on page 126 at the beginning of chapter three, this effect causes the reader to feel sympathy for Gregor. This dual effect is extremely powerful in making the reader believe what they read since it is not only one person’s opinion however it is many that say the same things. Limited omniscient narrators are usually unbiased or neutral (which means that they don’t favour any particular characters). The narrative point of view seems to present a picture of Gregor and the world as he understands it, both before and after his metamorphosis. This does not necessarily mean that all of Gregor’s judgements are to be accepted in fact it is quite on the contrary, Kafka uses irony and black comedy to indicate that Gregor is at times misled, for instance in thinking he can still go to the office even after becoming an insect and, more sadly, in thinking his family is putting his interests first. Since the narrator is omniscient we are given the attitudes and tones of other characters in the book, for example when Gregor’s father first sees Gregor he gets angry thinking that he had lost the only means of providing for his family (page 106) . When we read this we have no doubt that Gregor’s father Mr. Samsa is angry this is called credibility. The third person omniscient narrator also helps us in getting a clear picture of the surroundings through description. An example of this can be found at the bottom of page 105 the description of the stains on the white doors helps to give the reader a mental picture of the surroundings. Another example of this can be found on pages 119-120 when Gregor’s room is described as â€Å"cosy†and â€Å"comfortably furnished with old heirlooms†. Another example of the third person narrator’s description of the surroundings is when the narrator describes the view from Gregor’s window as being â€Å"melancholy†and quite depressing (through the mention of raindrops and the weather) on page 87. These descriptions all help the reader in understanding Gregor’s pain, suffering and helplessness towards the situation. One of the most outstanding features of Chronicle of a Death Foretold is the point of view Garcia Marquez uses to tell the story. Narrating the story from the first-person point of view is the unnamed son of Luisa Santiago, having returned to the river village after being gone for twenty-seven years, the narrator tries to reconstruct the events of the day that ends in the murder of Santiago Nasar. In this novel, however, Garcia Marquez makes the narrator telling the story credible towards the end to give the effect of confusion. The reader is confused about whether the narrator is reliable or not. Even though the narrator isn’t the main character in the text he plays and important roll in the novel as well as in the investigation. The fact that he cannot enter other characters consciousness also complements the fact that first person narrators are unreliable and unbelievable. We do not learn what the other characters are thinking or feeling unless they show us by their words or actions. First person narration can be unreliable due to the limited knowledge and/or understanding of events that have occurred. The author may use this unreliability to give questionable moral values or to make the character or reader biased about the people and events that are described. The difference between objectivity and subjectivity is the difference between fact and opinion, An objective piece of information, therefore, needs to be the whole truth or at least to be unbiased, whereas a subjective point of view is biased because it is either not the complete picture or it is merely a perspective or an expression of feelings. Depending on whether the narrator is objective or subjective we can judge whether the narrator is reliable or not. If the narrator in chronicles of a death foretold was omniscient he could have given a reliable account of the events that took place after the murder, however since he is biased, he blurs the edges and makes the diseases that the people of the town obtained seem as if they were being punished for not stopping the Vicario brothers. However, scientifically the diseases had nothing to do with guilt. The narrator in chronicles of a death foretold also creates confusion through giving details that aren’t connected to the murder as well as different versions of the chronological events. For example in the beginning of the text the narrator gives accounts of the weather on the day of the murder and showed that each character gave different versions of the weather according to how each of the characters were associated with Santiago Nasar (page 17), the narrator also gives details that aren’t linked to the murder such as the details given about the wedding (lavish, expensive etc.). The techniques used to clarify the narrative point of view include the use of irony, black comedy, magic realism, diction and sentence structure. For example in metamorphosis when Gregor attempts to get out of bed, Kafka uses black comedy to give the effect that any topics or events that are regarded as serious or depressing are treated with humor. Another technique of clarifying narrative point of view used by Mà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½rquez is the use of quotations persistently throughout the text. The word â€Å"liberating†on page 107 in metamorphosis, as well as the line â€Å"Gregor waited in vain†reflect Gregor’s inner thoughts as the omniscient narrator reveals them, this suggests that the narrator is objective and that the narrator is omniscient. In metamorphosis the point of view shifts as the corpse of Gregor Samsa is discovered, this shift in the point of view convinces the reader that the Samsa’s had been relieved from an enormous burden. The removal of the â€Å"burden†off the Samsa family helps them in planning for the future as if Gregor never existed. This gives the reader the impression that the Samsa’s are cruel and wicked and it also creates a feeling of pity for Gregor. In conclusion I strongly believe that point of view is very important in Chronicles of a death foretold as well as in metamorphosis. I believe that both writers were successful in their choices of narrative point of view. If I was to describe the narrative point of view in chronicles of a death foretold in one word then it is â€Å"fatalistic†, however if I was to describe the narrative point of view in metamorphosis in one word it would be â€Å"accommodative†.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
The Sun Rising
This is a dramatic poem where the speaker and his lover are in bed together. The speaker personifies the sun, and is speaking to it throughout the poem. As the sunlight comes through the windows, the speaker tells the sun to leave them alone. He seems to feel that their life together is complete, and that the sun is being a nuisance. He then tells the sun that his lover is worth more than anything the sun can ever find outside their bedroom. It is a love poem of an unusual kind.In this poem, composed in the form of a dramatic monologue, the poet lover is angered at the Sun and calls it names for disturbing the time him and his lover are spendong together. . He addresses the Sun as â€Å"busy old fool†. He calls it unruly because, by peeping in to the bedroom through windows and curtains it disturbs the lovers. The poet-lover tells the Sun that lovers’ seasons do not run to its motions. He advises the Sun to go and do such routine and dull jobs like chiding late-schoolbo ys and apprentices, waking up court-huntsmen and peasants.The expression â€Å"country ants†is imagery. It refers to the peasants, drudging like ants. However, the poet and his lover are not like ‘them', they are superior to all that is going on around them and they should not be disturbed. They get up with the Sun and toil the whole day, till sunset. Love knows no season, no climates. It is not affected by time. In this section of the poem we come across personification like â€Å"busy old fool†and â€Å"saucy pedantic wretch†to show the annoyance the poet has at this intruder.The poet’s wit is apparent when he tells the Sun that he has no reason to think that his beams are â€Å"so reverend and strong†. The poet lover could eclipse and could the beams of the Sun with a wink. He does not do so because he does not wish to â€Å"loose her sight so long. †This indicates that the love between the poet and his lover is so obsessive, so strong and has such potency that he does not even want to lose sight of her for her second. The Sun travels all over the world in twenty four hours. The poet asks the Sun to go round the world, see all Kings, come back tomorrow and say ifDonne uses hyperbole to exaggerate the importance of himself and his lover, â€Å"in one bed lay†- he is insinuating that all important elements of the world are there in the their bed and in their room. They are everything. To Donne, this moment with his love means everything and he describes it as such. The same imagery continues in the concluding verse of the poem where â€Å"She’s all States, and all Princes I†. The poet’s mistress is all States. She is the world. The Sun can shine over only half of the world at one time. The lovers, on the contrary, are the world.It logically follows that the Sun is â€Å"half as happy as we†. When we come to this part of the poem we notice a shift in the mood of the poet. Th e Sun is no longer the â€Å"busy old fool†or the â€Å"saucy pedantic wretch†of the first verse or stanza. It is now an aged fellow in need of ease. The poet offers it the needed ease; the Sun’s duty now is warming the world. It warms only half of the world at a time. By shining on the lover’s bed it can shine over the whole world at a time. â€Å"Let the bed be the centre and the walls the sphere†of the Sun with this arrangement the aged Sun can do its duties with ease.At the beginning of the poem the poet asked the Sun to go away from there. Now he invites the Sun to go round their bed and shine on them. He does not want to lose his lovers sigh for even a second- shows how much he loves her. The poet addresses the sun as a person and rebukes the sun because it has wakened him and his lover from their sleep. He demands to know why lovers should obey time. He also shows his dominance over the sun, calling it a ‘saucy pedantic wretchâ€⠄¢ and tells the sun to bother other people instead such as late school boys or workers imploring or more time to sleep.He tells the sun to find the royal court people and farmers to let them start their day instead of controlling the lovers, because time does not exist in love and unlike season or climate or sun, love doesn’t change. Hours, days and months are just silly, useless measures. The poet challenges the sun about its strength, that the sun isn’t is high and mighty because he can make it disappear by winking, except he doesn’t want to lose sight of his lover. He teases the sun that his lover’s eyes are so beautiful and bright that it can blind the sun.He tells he sun to go to far away countries like India or stay because the entire world is with him in the bed. The sun can also find kings but he and his lover are so superior that even the kings will say the most important people are in his room, ‘all here in one bed lay’. The poet c laims that his lover is ‘all states’ and in fact the whole world itself and he is the ‘prince’ that rules it, nothing else exists other than them. They are the celebrity, and even other princes want to mimic them.He declares that honour and science are nothing compared to their love and that the sun is only half as happy as they are. He says the sun is old and so it should rest because its duty is to warm the world and since they are the world, the sun has completed its duty. Then, the poet cleverly turns the sun’s refusal to leave into a show of its generosity and by shining at them, it has centered itself upon the room of his love and so they are the sun, the center of the universe
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Charismatic Leadership and the New Leadership Approach Essays
Charismatic Leadership and the New Leadership Approach Essays Charismatic Leadership and the New Leadership Approach Paper Charismatic Leadership and the New Leadership Approach Paper Charismatic Leadership the New Leadership Approach 1. What are the similarities and differences between charismatic and transformational leadership? A charismatic leader is a leader that makes you believe in his ideas (makes them appealing), and not just accept them, exactly like a transformational leader. He really wants the subordinates’ commitment to the company’s goals and to the leader himself. To gain employees’ approval of himself, the charismatic leader will prove to be good at handling crowds of people, at analyzing their mood and consequently at talking to them. He will not rely on his power as a superior or the authority it gives him, and will take personal risks, which will grant him the trust of the people he works with. On the other hand, a transformational leader, who could well be charismatic, has the objective of transforming the whole company: thing that only a charismatic leader with good intentions would want to do. As the charismatic leader has everyone’s trust, it can be very dangerous for the organization if his priorities are not properly set and/or if they have a too high opinion of themselves and their capacities. In some cases, a leader can be so charismatic that subordinates would believe anything he says, even when it’s not the best for the company: and this is the main difference between charismatic end transformational leadership. 2. Read the attached excerpts from business media and consultancy presentations concerning leaders that are said to be charismatic. a. Is it correct to talk of charismatic leadership in these cases, according to the definitions of charisma found in the course literature? Steve Jobs is obviously a leader according to the definitions of charisma we went through: he got to give Apple the image it has today, and he manages to catch everyone’s attention at every important speech/introduction of a product (products he kind of takes responsibility for because he is the one who gets to choose what will be developed). Julia Hands, I would say, is not so much of a charismatic leader as Steve Jobs. She is, undoubtedly, an efficient leader and a really good manager but her obvious shyness and discretion bother me a bit. Last, John Stewart, is more a mix of transactional and transformational leader. b. What typical elements of charismatic leadership can you find in the texts? What elements seem to be lacking? Concerning Steve Jobs in the extract from the Economist: â€Å"the firm’s employees will continue to ask themselves â€Å"what would Steve do? †when making decisions. †; he’s got everyone’s trust, loyalty and awe, he is a role-model. Jobs also illustrates well the communicating skills of a charismatic leader. We can even see John Stewart’s reaction in times of crisis. c. Are there any notable ideas about charismatic leadership that can be traced in these descriptions of leaders? Charismatic leaders motivate followers, who look up to them and consider them as especially gifted people, who take responsibility for their decisions/actions. d. Can you identify any of the potential problems with charismatic/transformational leadership pointed out in the literature? As a charismatic leader gives a company its public image and is the glue that holds teams together, that can be a problem if the said leader has to leave the company. Who’s going to be the replacement? Could that person be as charismatic? 3. Summarize the central argument of Levay in one main sentence and develop it in three main points. What is this argument based on? In this article, the author wants to show that, even though a charismatic leader is often considered at the origin of lots of changes in the company, he may be in favor of the status quo, or the traditions (contrarily to what we can find in some of the definitions of charismatic leadership. ; he wants to show there is such a thing as â€Å"Charismatic leadership in resistance to change†. According to me, three main points are presented in this text: First, â€Å"if charismatic leadership arises in situations of change, the leader’s mission can be to propose and effect change, to resist change and propose a return to a supposedly previous state, or to resist change and defend the status quo. †(p. 39) It is shown in the text that charismatic leaders, with a ll the usual characteristics we give them (strong personality, extraordinary skills, devoted followers†¦), can have different opinions concerning change. Second, â€Å"the likelihood of charismatic leadership arising in defense of the status quo will increase if a relatively powerful group perceives ongoing or impending change as threatening their interests and/or values. (p. 139) As people usually gather round who promises to give them what they want, if they don’t want any changes, they will â€Å"worship†someone who defends status quo. Last, â€Å"If a charismatic leader and his or her followers have effected change and realized their main goals, they are likely to resist further changes that they perceive as threatening what they have achieved in terms of their interests and/or values. †(p. 140) Like previous point, people side by the leader who wants the same thing. The argument is based on the study of real cases of leaders opposing change. 4. Summarize the central argument of Tourish Pinnington in one main sentence and develop it in three main points. What is this argument based on? I think that the authors of this article want to show that transformational leadership theories â€Å"have the potential to encourage authoritarian forms of organization†and that transformational leaders are so focused on corporate cohesion that â€Å"internal dissent†(meaning the people in the company who do not agree with the majority ) is neglected. They suggest another, â€Å"less flawed†, model of transformational leadership. First, they compare the current transformational leadership to a cult, showing that they have the same defining points (charismatic leadership, a compelling vision, common culture†¦); which seems to prevent people from expressing their ideas, doubts†¦ Also, as it is the leader’s job to prepare key documents and as a whole, express the â€Å"group’s opinion†, there isn’t many opportunities for the followers to express their real opinion, and if they do so, they are â€Å"heavily penalized†for their dissent. And, if the leader is too narcissistic/driven mad by the power he has, there can be some, more or less, important consequences for the organization: as the leader is really good at giving speeches, he may retain bad news and maximize good news, â€Å"create an illusion of control through affirming information and attributing negative outcomes to external causes. †(p. 155) 5. Both Levay and Tourish Pinnington discuss aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership that are more problematic than the mainstream view in leadership research. Assuming that they are right in their arguments, can charismatic/transformational leadership still be an ideal for contemporary leaders and organizations? If we assume that such problems as those described by Levay and TourishPinnington exist, in my opinion, charismatic/transformational leadership can still be ideal, because it really motivates followers, gives them an example to follow†¦ To counteract the negative side, we could just try to establish an equivalent authority to keep an eye on those leaders and report anything suspicious to the board of directors. (without giving this authority a saying in the organizational decisions)
Monday, October 21, 2019
SPIDE System Essays
SPIDE System Essays SPIDE System Paper SPIDE System Paper The S stands for search, it means to look 20-30 seconds ahead for information to help you travel. The P in SPIDER is to predict. You predict the actions or changes on or near the road that could increase risks. The l, stands for identify, it means that you identify objects or conditions ahead that could help you interfere with your path. The D means to decide, you decide what action to take at least 4-5 seconds ahead of time to control or decrease risks. Lastly, the E in SPIDER, stands for execute, which means to perform the actions needed. The first risk was on a Sunday morning, when me and my mom were heading to MAC Donaldson to get breakfast. We were on the corner of our street ready to turn left, when suddenly a car going like 35 miles per hour , comes out of nowhere. I thought that he was going to crash us, and that we were going to get hurt. But lucky my mom stopped the car in time, and the car didnt crash us I would of done the same as my mom to prevent an accident. The second risk I had, was on a Tuesday, in the afternoon. My dad had come to pick us up because we missed the bus. We were in the street, and from like 2 blocks away, you could see that the light was green. But all of a sudden, the light turned yellow, and we were t going to be able to pass the light before it turned red, but lucky my dad stopped quickly. On the side next to us though, the truck accelerated because he didnt want to wait, but when the other lane s turned green, the cars went and so the truck got crashed by 2 cars, Just because he didnt want to wait. I was really proud of dad because he stopped instead of going. Im pretty sure I would of done the same. The third risk I had, was on Friday, when all of my family, including me, were going to my aunts house because she had cooked us dinner. So we were on a long street that had a speed limit of 20 miles per hour. My dad was following the speed limit, but the car in front of us was t. I guess that he or she was really inpatient because that person had decided to go faster, even though he or she knew that there were uniqueness if you went faster. At the end of that street there was a police officer checking the speed limit of each car with some type of gun. When the officer saw that the car in front of us was speeding, he stopped the car and gave that person a ticket. It was really good that my dad had decided to keep the limit because first, we decreased many chances of an accident. Second, we didnt get a ticket. I would have done the same as my dad, or even went a little bit slower, Just to make sure. SPIDER System By Malaysia
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