Effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The

effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The portraiture of the Artist as a Young Man Although Joyce rejected Catholic beliefs, the put to work of his early training and education is pervasive in his work. The parallels between biblical text and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man atomic number 18 abundant. As Cranly ordinates to Stephen, It is a curious thing, do you know, how your mind is supersaturated with the religion in which you say you disbelieve (232).The novel progresses in a way that seems Biblical in nature thematically it compares with the creation and fall of man and/or Lucifer. In addition, the mood is at times similar to Biblical text, using well-known(prenominal) rhythm, repetition, phrasing and imagery.As with the Bible, Joyce pops his novel with the importance of the intelligence agency. He then relates coarse impressions, as if a new-fangledly formed creature were experiencing the physical world. Then, as the vegetable ma rrow of his universe, Stephen also learns the meaning of words and the power of words. He is like Adam bringing roam to things by giving them names. But Stephens knowledge comes not simply from the material world, he learns through a sudden-knowing, similar to spiritual understanding, a process Joyce calls transcendental or epiphany. His thirst for knowledge both intellectual and sensual brings him in conflict with his father (Jesuit and heavenly). He falls from grace and experiences hell (through the power of word and his very vivid imagination). Because of his terror of hell he responds at first with repentance, but after reflection, with defiance. At the end of the novel he leaves his homeland, his place of origin, and prepares to begin a new life in a new land.THE WORDIn the beginning was the word. Throu... ...because of what has happened to him, but because of his response to those events. He was not the only unfledged Irish boy to have a self-sacrificing sacred mother an d an irresponsible drunkard father. He was one of hundreds if not thousands of boys to be indoctrinated and trained by the Jesuits. What made him different was his response and that response was unique to him, and that uniqueness was born in him. So, the ultimate conclusion of the novel is that the artist is born, not made by human ways, but created by the powers of nature and/or God. work CitedJoyce, James. The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. unexampled York The Viking Press, Inc., 1958.Joyce, Stanislaus. My Brothers Keeper James Joyces aboriginal Years. New York The Viking Press, 1993.Levin, Harry. James Joyce, A Critical Introduction. New York New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1960. Effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The Effects of Religious Education on Theme and Style of James Joyces The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Although Joyce rejected Catholic beliefs, the influence of his early training and education is pervasive in his work. The parallels between Biblical text and The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man are abundant. As Cranly says to Stephen, It is a curious thing, do you know, how your mind is supersaturated with the religion in which you say you disbelieve (232).The novel progresses in a way that seems Biblical in nature thematically it compares with the creation and fall of man and/or Lucifer. In addition, the style is at times similar to Biblical text, using familiar rhythm, repetition, phrasing and imagery.As with the Bible, Joyce begins his novel with the importance of the word. He then relates sensual impressions, as if a newly formed creature were experiencing the physical world. Then, as the center of his universe, Stephen also learns the meaning of words and the power of words. He is like Adam bringing order to things by giving them names. But Stephens knowledge comes not only from the material world, he learns through a sudden-knowing, similar to spiritual understand ing, a process Joyce calls intuitive or epiphany. His thirst for knowledge both intellectual and sensual brings him in conflict with his father (Jesuit and heavenly). He falls from grace and experiences hell (through the power of word and his very vivid imagination). Because of his terror of hell he responds at first with repentance, but after reflection, with defiance. At the end of the novel he leaves his homeland, his place of origin, and prepares to begin a new life in a new land.THE WORDIn the beginning was the word. Throu... ...because of what has happened to him, but because of his response to those events. He was not the only young Irish boy to have a self-sacrificing saintly mother and an irresponsible drunkard father. He was one of hundreds if not thousands of boys to be indoctrinated and trained by the Jesuits. What made him different was his response and that response was unique to him, and that uniqueness was born in him. So, the ultimate conclusion of the novel is tha t the artist is born, not made by human ways, but created by the powers of nature and/or God.Works CitedJoyce, James. The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York The Viking Press, Inc., 1958.Joyce, Stanislaus. My Brothers Keeper James Joyces Early Years. New York The Viking Press, 1993.Levin, Harry. James Joyce, A Critical Introduction. New York New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1960.

Contrast between Sam and Hallys Father in Athol Fugards Master Harold

Contrast mingled with Sam and Hallys Father in Athol Fugards Master Harold . . . and the BoysAny white man is a master of all black men the black society isprimitive- these argon some of the ideas that have been nursed to Hallyin South Africas apartheid society. The question is are thosebigoted stereotypes true? Of course they are false In the play MasterHarold and the Boys, Sam is a black man, and Hallys father is awhite man. However, Sams favourable position over Hallys father is obviousthrough the contrast between their relationships with Hally.Ironically, it is evident that, most of the time, the relationshipbetween Hally and Sam is closer to a father-son relationship than thatbetween Hally and his father. One of the most important things that afather can te...

The Use Of The Word Love :: essays research papers

Six months after I met a young man, he expressed to me how more than he loved me. Being sixteen years old, I thought it to be very flattering but I could non accept him saying this to me. The word, love in the romantic sense, is something that would take so much out of me to say to a person. Love is something that you express to someone that you can not, in any elbow room, see living your life without. The last time I saw the young man who supposedly loved me, was on my seventeenth birthday when he told me I was a waste of his time. Love is the strongest emotion and almost powerful word anyone can say to someone else. Some people use the word love everyday as though it is not as big of a deal as it really is. Jewels song, "Al right smarts," illustrates a definition of love. The first line of the song totally defines love in the same way I do with, "Please dont say I love you, those words touch me much too deeply." With this one line, my entire definition of love is presented. There ar other things people can love a pet, family members, certain gentles of food but these are all loved by a different kind of love. There are millions of ways you can love, but this kind of love does not happen all the time to a person. It is the kind of love that is not there at the beginning, but grows inside you. This kind of love is for another person that you can not see your life without, even though at one time it was without that person. To express this to someone is to propose to commit your life to that other person. The other person may not feel the same way and that is why it is hard to accept someone saying that. One expressing their love to another is the greatest compliment one could ever receive for they are cute in someone elses life forever.There are some people that do not understand the meaning of love and use it all the time as though it was just some word that makes people happy. The young man who told me he loved me also told me a month later that I was a waste of his time. He is an example of someone using the word just to make others or even himself happy.

Teaching and Learning Essay -- Education, Observation

The value of observation is to give you an insight into a peasants world. By doing this you ar fitted to observe the children and see how they interact with other children and communicate. Also by observation we ar able to understand childrens point of view better and are able to get up their learning. Observation, assessment and evaluation in planning for childrens learning within early childhood setting come hand in hand. While observing we are able to see the childs development and are alike able to identify the interest in unalike learning areas. During the observation, the time and date should be recorded along with a little bit of information about the setting and where the observation took place. If we have an spotless and detailed picture of the childs profile at the beginning of the programme, the teachers will be able to enhance positive learning. victimization a natural environment for observation is the best method, as opposed to contrived environment , because i n a natural environment a child is doing what they normally do NZTC , (2011). The teachers are able to plan better for the child and assess the progress in childrens different learning domains. When any observations are carried out about a child, all the information must be kept mysterious. As suggested by Bruce & Meggitt (2002) certain guidelines should be used to keep the observations confidential for example not using the childs name , just using their initial and remembering to get permission from the authoritative person such(prenominal) as parents /teachers before beginning any observations p.28. It is very important to be ethical when carrying out any methods of observations and keeping it confidential, letting access to only authorised people. By doing obs... ...he teacher to help the child in their holistic development. Being a teacher it is important to engage child in all kinds of interactions and also think from a childs point of view. As mentioned by Jablon & Wilkin son (2006) engagement stratergies give children greater responsibility for their learning and that use of engagement stratergies benefit children tremendously p. 5. In conclusion I would say that a teacher has one of the most important roles in a childs everyday learning and that the way she observes , plans , assesses and evaluates each individual child , makes a difference in a childs learning and helps the children to support /or enhance their interest or any other particular domains . To support the whole planning cycle in a childs learning arsehole only happen if the teacher is able to apply the teaching strategies adequately in the learning.

The United States Lends Credibility to the International Criminal Court

The International Criminal accost (ICC), created in 1998 (Thayer and Ibryamova 2010), is responsible for investigating and prosecuting the most extreme cases, including crimes against humanity, aggressive crimes, struggle crimes, and genocide. The credibility of this institution, however, has been compromised due to the United States revocation of support and genus Phallusship. Initially it is important to recognize the arguments against the United States becoming a member state of the ICC and what precipitated the U.S. withdrawing its signature from the record that instituted the Court. Once this has been established, the arguments in favor of ICC membership will be developed by addressing and refuting these objections. Finally, this analysis will lead to proving how the United States becoming a member state will increase the effectiveness and integrity of the International Criminal Court.One opposing standpoint to the union of the United States and the International Criminal C ourt is the concern of sovereignty. Those who support the United States decision to revoke its signature from the Rome Statute argue that by joining the ICC, Americas sovereignty would be threatened, for the country would be required to answer to a higher court. In accordance with this, many on the opposition believe it is necessary to create ordinance that protects Americans from the ICC and allows the U.S. to retain its sovereignty. Consequently, the international community has expressed outrage in the United States actions to combat the International Criminal Courts authority. As a land leader with one of the most sophisticated and respected judicial systems, these types of actions present the U.S. as appearing indifferent to the plight of human rights vi... ...s in International transaction (New York Longman).Elsea, Jennifer (2006), U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court, in CRS Report for Congess (Washington D.C. Library of Congress), 4.Bogdan, Attila (2008) , The United States and the International Criminal Court Avoiding Jurisdiction Through Bilateral Agreements in creed on Article 98, International Criminal Law Review, 8(1-2), 5.Barnett, Laura (2008), The International Criminal Court History and Role, Library of Parliament, 2(11), 12.Chicago Council on Global Affairs (2010), restrain Internationalism Adapting to New Realities, http//www.amicc.org/docs/Chicago_Council_Global_Views_2010.pdf, accessed 9 April 2012.American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court (2012), US and ICC Info, http//www.amicc.org/info, accessed 9 April 2012.

The United States Lends Credibility to the International Criminal Court

The International outlaw Court (ICC), created in 1998 (Thayer and Ibryamova 2010), is responsible for investigating and prosecuting the most extreme cases, including crimes against humanity, aggressive crimes, war crimes, and genocide. The credibility of this institution, however, has been compromised due to the United States revocation of support and membership. Initially it is important to recognize the arguments against the United States becoming a member state of the ICC and what precipitated the U.S. withdrawing its signature from the document that instituted the Court. Once this has been established, the arguments in favor of ICC membership will be developed by addressing and refuting these objections. Finally, this analysis will lead to proving how the United States becoming a member state will increase the posture and integrity of the International Criminal Court.One opposing standpoint to the union of the United States and the International Criminal Court is the concern of sovereignty. Those who support the United States close to revoke its signature from the Rome Statute argue that by joining the ICC, Americas sovereignty would be threatened, for the country would be required to resultant role to a higher court. In accordance with this, many on the opposition believe it is necessary to create legislation that protects Americans from the ICC and allows the U.S. to retain its sovereignty. Consequently, the international community has uttered outrage in the United States actions to combat the International Criminal Courts authority. As a world leader with one of the most innovative and respected judicial systems, these types of actions present the U.S. as appearing indifferent to the plight of human rights vi... ...s in International Relations (New York Longman).Elsea, Jennifer (2006), U.S. Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court, in CRS Report for Congess (Washington D.C. Library of Congress), 4.Bogdan, Attila (2008), The United State s and the International Criminal Court Avoiding Jurisdiction Through Bilateral Agreements in Reliance on Article 98, International Criminal Law Review, 8(1-2), 5.Barnett, Laura (2008), The International Criminal Court History and Role, Library of Parliament, 2(11), 12.Chicago Council on Global Affairs (2010), Constrained Internationalism Adapting to New Realities, http//www.amicc.org/docs/Chicago_Council_Global_Views_2010.pdf, accessed 9 April 2012.American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court (2012), US and ICC Info, http//www.amicc.org/info, accessed 9 April 2012.

Food safety

Time Is what causes and encourages humans to change. When one starts something they may non know everything about It until they actually begin to insert and lea run as they go. Over many years, passel all around the world have true different types of lie epistyles. Years ago, rules of order relied on the hunted gather method to gather provender. It later transitioned from farming and then into city life. This meant people were living much closer together, a Lowing asses to mobilize mostly from food not being properly preserved.This was different f room the farming lifestyle where the owner knew whether or not food was well(p) because he or s he was growing It themselves. Many did not expect this change because city life was new to t hem, something they had never experience before. When society changes so fast, It takes a while for the people to adapt to new dangers. The importance of food safety became more bob loss with these changes in society.Over time, people became awa re of all the diseases and sis uses that food causes humans. Once these diseases became more and more noticeable, individuals set out to solve the Issues. Many seeded ways to preserve food which ended up largely shaping and changing our worlds society today. The shift from a rural lifestyle to city life allowed food safety to make grow with new inventions and discoveries causing the food industry to beck mom more sanitary and keep people from getting sick.Food safetyFood safety has fuck off a major concern these days for us, because many restaurants are diverging there focus from producing and providing good quality food towards the provision of food that does not require enough work and cost. Of the two approaches of enhancing food safety, the one that implies a stronger enforcement program by the local health department would be much more effective than simply making it mandatory for the restaurant employees to conduct training sessions for learning the techniques for food safet y.The reason why the former technique is better is that fifty-fifty if the employees are trained, they would still not act the way we want them to due to the lust for profits and putting less effort. Whereas, if certain stiff rules and regulations are developed and implemented, all the restaurants would automatically start abiding by those rules in order to avoid penalties or bans. Such rules might include disposing off of food that smells or has become infected, washing hands before cooking, and keeping utensils and kitchen clean (Food and Drug Administration, 2010).The effectiveness or efficiency of any business or organization is deep impacted by the attitudes of employees. Attitudes are basically the judgments that are formed by a person regarding the characteristics or nature of any object, act, or event. It might be positive, negative, or indifferent. The attitudes of workers matters a lot in the business environment, since they are the main assets of a company who perform a ll the activities that might be interlinked with each other.Attitudes take shape emotions and behaviors, so if the workers do not really care about the hygiene or safety of the food and carry on the methods the way they are, then the compromise would be done on the safety and quality of food. Whereas, if the workers have strong values, beliefs, and perceptions, then they would most probably be taking care of the safety and promoting others also to consider effective and safety methods when storing, cooking or serving. Answer 2 Since the department has limited resources to overcome the issue of mosquito potato chipes and illness therefore, efficient and cheap methods moldiness be adequate to fight with the problem.West Nile Virus results in the flu-like illness among the children who have regular immune systems. As far as the prevention of being bit by the mosquitoes is concerned, the best way to avoid being bit is to use insect repellent and emptying the standing pissing from buckets, open-floors, or flower pots. concourse can simply put on some insect repellent or oil on their body face and hands before passing play to sleep this automatically keeps the mosquitoes away from biting.Secondly, to stay within the home at the time of dawn and dusk would protect the people from being bit by the mosquitoes, since they are very active at these timings ( interior(a) Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2010). And for the control of mosquito population in the community, the best measure that can be adapted is to make people aware about the factors that lead to further enhancement in the population of mosquitoes. One sound method is to clean the stagnant water from various places such as, buckets, open-floors, garden, or flower pots.It is obvious that if there is no open water, it would not get contaminated, and hence would not result in the exertion of more mosquitoes. This strategy is quite effective and cheap as compared to the process of fumigati on, which requires high costs and expenses. References Food and Drug Administration. (2010). Food Safety. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/foodsafety. html National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (2010). West Nile Virus. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. From http//www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/westnilevirus. html

Santa Sangre by Alejandro Jodorowsky: Impact of Parents’ Death on a Child

Religiously grotesque and lustful, yet surrealistically beautiful is the film Santa Sangre (1989) by cult director Alejandro Jodorowsky. The film portrays, in a wild manner, the impact brought upon the deaths of a fix and father unto a child left orphan. Leading role Fenix (Axel Jodorowsky), after witnessing his fathers suicide (slit throat) and later knowing that his father had cut-off his sticks arms before slicing himself, grows up heavily traumatized. He is first shown in the film, in adulthood, inside of a mental institution, naked, eating a whole fish, uncooked.With this film you will take a plunge in cold, very deep water so many a(prenominal) colors and shapes so many mysteries fantastic and terrifying monsters in short, the human mind. Alejandro Jodorowsky achieves another astonishing masterpiece by bringing his own per passwordal background into the film. In his early years, he learned the arts of trapeze and miming he tied(p) studied with the striking Marcel Marceau. One of his first employers was a Circus in Chile, his hometown. There he took a job as a clown and started to absorb the mysterious ways and trickeries the public awes and cheers at circuses.Besides the colorful clowns and the saddening mimes, there is also another primitive element that takes place in the film religion. Fenixs mother, Concha, is the religious and moral element in the film. She worships a Mexican church by the name of Santa Sangre ( sacred Blood). She acquires a divine strength, or a dark power, that will forever haunt her orphan child, making the viewer think twice if the mother is in fact dead, alive, or a hallucination or all three put together. She lost her arms to her adulterous husband, but her son could still be of use, somehow come to think of it, he still has a fresh pair of arms.The acclaim and height of this film comes not from the awards and/or nominations it has earned, but from the public itself, from the cult followers of this great and terror strick en director. Having directed cult movies like El Topo, in 1970, and The Holy Mountain, in 1973, in 1989 he comes back with Santa Sangre to give his audience another taste of surrealism and horror of blood and family, which his followers then, would have expected nothing less than a great work of art. And it delivered, big time. The soundtrack really caught my interest and attention.I found it equally amazing and horrifying how the use of classic Latin hits made the movie even more haunting, more intriguing, more agitated. More importantly, was that the soundtrack brought in even more culture into the film. The music very much compensated the fact that the dialogues were all in English even though the film is set in Mexico and the majority of the cast is Hispanic. Anyway, if music is something that catches your attention, then I am sure you wont mind me listing a few Besame Mucho by Consuelo Velazquez, Lupita by Damaso Perez Prado, Cucurrucucu paloma by Tomas Mendez, and Dejame Llora r by Alfonso Esparza Oteo.The Internet Movie Database (www. imdb. com) is a pretty tough crowd when it comes to military rank movies. IMDB hits this movie, with over 5000 voters, with a very accurate rating of 7. 6 out of 10. That is a pretty high rating when it comes to a terror film listed in IMDB. Moreover, acclaimed film critic Robert Ebert writes Santa Sangre is a throwback to the golden age, to the days when filmmakers had bold individual visions and were not timidly trying to duplicate the latest mass-market formulas. He is emphatically right, so please get up buy hit play.

Wal-Mart Case

Wall-Mart Stores During the time of this case, there are multiple organizational capabilities that took place indoors the continuous growing Wall-Mart stores during 2003 as well as the years that led up to the time of this case. From the beginning of the store and the vision of Sam Walton, he apply all of the several(predicate) criteria for the BRIO framework. Near the beginning of the creation of Wall-Mart, Sam Walton, the founder of Wall- Mart, had many visions and a clear sense of direction he was functional with.Some examples of organization he had that put him above the rest was his sense of worth for the employees by calling them associates, and al modesting all employees to be able to reach him on his dental plate phone number. This created a sense of a strong company culture within the Wall-Mart community imputable to the founders efforts at communication. He worked on qualification connections with his employees. This shows a sense of multiple things within the BRIO fr amework including Value because it portrays a charisma and a personality to the customers by how the company is run and how it treats its employers.A huge break apart in making the firm valuable in the eyes of consumers includes their slogan, everyday low prices. This is attractive to all consumers because it is the final price but yet, comparable to nearly of Its competitors. Wall-Mart has guaranteed that it is the lowest price because weekly It checks out Its competitors as well such as Smart and Target. This is one of the biggest factors when it comes to Wall-Mart because people shop when it is not only topnotch cheap, but super convenient as well.Being able to have a department store with everything you could need while eater on adding a foodstuff market section to Wall-Mart raised prices and the number of shoppers there alone. It is convenient because you can go Into one store for almost all of your needs at the lowest price. A resource that is rare that Wall-Mart has Is th e appearance It started up with the distribution which included buying more merchandise directly from the manufacturers. Initially, the scale of operations was a routine modest. After Wall-Mart grew into Superstructures, this was an initial resource and cap baron that was rare to what other competitors had as well.It grew sales dramatically from what it had initially as mentioned above because of the high convenience and ability to buy all of your needs out In one store. Militantly the form and Idea of buying high-volume at a low merchandising cost, and buying in bulk was so rare in the market and one of its first of its kind. Compared to Smart and Target though, Smart almost failed when trying to keep its prices as low as Wall-Mart. This in fact, leads right up to the point of how costly to obey Wall-Mart can be when looking at the BRIO framework.To be costly to obey Wall-Mart used a bit of the other things competitors and others were doing, and Integrated these things Into wha t Wall-Mart was already it was discussed how Walton would head to other competitors to investigate different options. He would do this for details as up to now as minuet as how many cars competitors parking lots could fill. There was also room to create the Superstructure as well as Neighborhood Markets which are small division stores around the suburban areas to create a smaller more relative size to the community.These are to seen with any of the competitors and thus must be harder to imitate since they dont have the resources. Another source that Wall-Mart has taken the advantage, due to being costly for competitors to imitate over with in the past years around this case, is the ability to fly the coop their hours of operation to some 24 hour Wall-Marts. There are no other department, supermarket, or neighborhood stores that do this because of the cost of keeping the store open. This on with the expansion not only around the U. S. , but also the expansion globally has put Wal l-Mart ahead of the rest.Organized to capture value is displayed in multiple different areas when it comes to Wall-Mart. One of them that continued to grow from when the company first started was its investments in information technology. Compared to when it would take months to compare the inventory-taking lags decreased from months, to weeks, to very close to actual time due to the IT transformation. It automatically linked the distribution centers to computers in the stores and suppliers. This helped utilized the firms resources and capabilities by being able to maintain a better log of inventory.Other specifics that Wall-Mart does to maintain an organized way to capture value is to put to practice the SOOT analysis. This helps put into perspective what the company has, and perhaps things it could improve on, on a regular basis. One utmost(a) thing that stuck out to me for this subject was a Balanced Scorecard which is huge within the managing community. For example, this is use d often in management to balance financial results, range objects, measures, targets, and initiatives in terms of learning and growth, business process, and lastly, the customers.The last thing that Wall-Mart has done to have more availability to organize the capture value is by making goals, setting plans and executing these plans. Making goals, planning and organizing are all essential in a productive and efficient business as big as Wall-Mart in these days today. Through all of these different steps, Wall-Mart has been and will continue to improve in ways which every growing company should. However, BRIO is unimpeachably something that will help keep the absolute and competitive advantage above all the other competitors and it has since its beginning around the sasss.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

In Chapter 23, however we do feel for Frankenstein, as he discovers his newly-wedded wife, Elizabeth, strangled by the wildcat, later on refusing to make a female being. He describes her as being thrown, suspension system and distorted. This emotive language, I believe, reflects his offense and hatred towards the Creature. These words are incredibly violent and destructive. The word hanging, one may argue, is a flashback to Justines execution. Both of Victors female companions lives hold back been dashed at the hands of the Creature.The word hanging is in addition another way of killing a being by applying pressure to the neck/throat. Although Elizabeth has been strangled, that descriptive word could be interpreted as Victors execution of her. If he had all made the female Creature, or stayed with her on their wedding night, Elizabeth might not have been killed. It is down to Frankensteins overwhelming assertion that she died. In Chapter 11, the Creature has his first encount er with the De Lacey family. He is unable to bear the emotions when he sees the elderly man with the little girl.The Creature demonstrates he has more appreciate for humanity than Frankenstein, whose goal is to replace it. I longed to join them, but dared not this is due to his maltreatment by society. Mary Shelley wrote this around 50 years after Jean Jacques Rousseau produced his theory that Evil is entirely due to society man is born innocent and corrupted by society. In her novel, I believe that she supports this theory. She has morose the Creature into a compassionate, articulate being. Frankensteins parental skills are irresponsible and reckless.In Chapter 11, at the start of the Creatures narrative, he describes how he was stimulate and scared in the wood It was dark when I awoke, I felt cold also, and half- stir, as it were instinctively finding myself so desolate. Darkness is a let of the Gothic, and is also an drill of pathetic fallacy, a predominantly Gothic tech nique, used for great effect many times in the novel. The Creature being frightened shows to us once again, his nai veti early on after his birth. This is another device used to make the reader feel huge sympathy towards the Creature.After the creature is first born Victor realises the consequences of his actions. He flees Ingolstadt, and returns to Geneva. However, although he has been a terrible father figure to the Creature, you cannot excuse the actions of revenge that the Creature undertook. The murder of William Frankenstein is out of anger towards his creator. Personally, I disagree with David Hartleys philosophy in 1749 that Morality is not something you were born with, but is the result of an individuals experience. Perhaps you disagree. There is no scientific proof either way to say this philosophy is right or wrong.It is a matter of belief. The Creature most definitely did not have a positive experience of mankind, but he does know the difference between right and wrong , and knows that it was wrong to kill. He expresses his guilt towards the end of the novel, before his felo-de-se .. it is true I am a wretch. I have murdered the lovely and the helpless, I have strangled the innocent as they slept.. He calls himself a wretch, therefore he is not proud or pleased with his actions. This proves that the Creature does have a developed sense and understanding of right and wrong.When tell the set question, there are a number of determining factors that have to be taken into close consideration. Both Frankenstein and the Creature shared personality traits, for example determination, and the right they thought they had to play God with innocent lives. There are, however, extenuating circumstances that you need to consider before laying blame at the feet of either character. Frankensteins narrative to Walton is in the past tense. His hatred for the Creature has manifested since the death of his wife, therefore he may have elaborated on his suffering some what.Also, the Creature may be false when he said he regretted murdering Elizabeth, William, and being responsible for the execution of Justine. However, in my opinion, I believe that the Creature was honest, and he was genuinely remorseful for his actions. He was prepared to burn himself so that his body would not be discovered, and that others like him would not be made. I support Dr Siv Janssons finale that at the climax of the novel, the readers sympathy goes out to the Creature more than it does to Frankenstein, however, I believe that some sympathy lies with Frankenstein too.

A Comparative Study of Government-Business Relations and Benefits for Citizen in the United States (U.S) and Japan

The success of any national economy in the manhood is the sum of the successes of the different celestial spheres that make up that economy.This is because either nation has more than one economic sector which is used for the purposes of enhancing the per rowance of the national economy. It has been paramount for e truly government to crack that there are appropriate measures being put in place ensure that these various sectors of the national economy are performing well(p) to be able to deliver the value needed for developing the nation and ensuring that there is rapid development (AMBA, 2009).Therefore, in view of this and break awayn that the mien in which the business environment is able to operate is a key factor in the determination of the performance of economies of nations it is critical that governments are able to explicate models that will ensure that their kinship with businesses is such that makes are able to be realized for the enjoyment of their citizens.Th is paper compares the government-business relations employed in the United States of the States and Japan, with a view to establishing the inherent benefits of each of them and so establishing which model is more appropriate owing to its ability to bring more in returns in the form of varied benefits to the country and to its citizens. The main focus will be on the manufacturing sector.The Role of Government in Business and in SocietyThere is always an intrinsic relationship between government and business because the two are the main institutions in the connection. The actions of one are affective of the other and the actions of the two affect the way the society is viewed.As such, government being the main player and coordinator of all affairs in a country ought to ensure that it is in a position to work well enough to ensure businesses operate in the right way and that whatever is done is for the enhancement of the mutual good of the organization (AMBA, 2009). Governments play a very important role determining the direction of the economy and in influencing the outcomes of the economy.Among other approaches, the nature of measures like protectionism, currency rate determination and control, free market policies, and the manipulation of globalization determines how businesses in the country operate and so their eventual outcome. The manufacturing sectors of the United States and Japan the worlds largest and second largest economies are very different. The main inconsistency is in the relationship between the government and business.The government-business approaches in the manufacturing industry come in different ways and vary in each of these countries.Common policies in the sector have largely covered the areas of grants and subsidies, regulation with the aim of sheltering the sector from stiff competition from the external environment especially in the face of general globalization of trade as well as other forms of regulation aimed at protecting the public from environmental pollution and other wasteful manufacturing practices and ensuring that wear down issues like employee rights, minimum wage, union autonomy, and work-place safety.The manufacturing sector is usually a very important sector and is in most cases the main source of the countrys muchneeded foreign through its exports (Toshiyuki, Mika & Yusuke, 2010).Japan and the United States both have booming manufacturing sectors and although the United States has a relatively greater number of industries, Japan has tended to benefit a lot from the industry owing to its approaches to handling business matters (Toshiyuki, Mika & Yusuke, 2010).The American government has emphasized the need to subsidize its products from the manufacturing sector so as to shield the sector from stiff competition brought about by the influx of other goods from other countries in the age of globalization as well as to ensure that the consumers benefits from reduced prices.Subsidies have made the cost of locally produced goods to be lower such that it makes it hard for products from other sectors to be able to compete on a level playing field with the American commodities (Toshiyuki, Mika & Yusuke, 2010). Therefore, although the country might not have a totally regulatory mechanism to check an influx of imports, it uses subsidies to give its products an unfair advantage over other products.

The Causes and Effects of Smoking Among Students

A cause effect essay The causes and effects of bullet among students smoking is one of the most risk of infectionous widespread phenomena that threatens lives of a huge number of people worldwide. It starts as a way of having fun, but ends as an crankion that is consequently so difficult to give up. Today, we often hear of smoking among students. So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on them? in that location ar many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To start with, students smoke because they are curious and want to discover the world of those who smoke.They are just trying to curb nearly fun when they smoke the first target. Other students take up smoking due to the family problems, especially when they see their parents having quarrels. Moreover, some students smoke since they think a cigarette would relieve stress they had during the day, especially at school. Last but not least, students try to imitate adult smokers because they wan t to show that they are adults, too. If we expect at the consequences of smoking, we will find so many. Smoking causes cancer. As a result, the addict students would suffer from health problems that end in death.Another effect is that after received years, the addict would develop respiratory problems and will face a lot of problems in running without losing breath. So, asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema are always a lingering threat. one and only(a) much important effect of smoking is that it causes a lot of anger for the addict. Whenever they lack cigarettes, they start reacting angrily and strangely. To sum up, smoking is an ongoing threatening danger for addicts and business leader affect the next generation. The best solution is prevention according to the proverb that says Prevention is better than cure.A cause effect essay The causes and effects of smoking among students Smoking is one of the most dangerous widespread phenomena that threatens lives of a huge number of peo ple worldwide. It starts as a way of having fun, but ends as an dependency that is therefore so difficult to give up. Today, we often hear of smoking among students. So why do students smoke and what effects smoking has on them? There are many reasons behind the phenomenon of smoking among students. To start with, students smoke because they are curious and want to discover the world of those who smoke.They are just trying to have some fun when they smoke the first cigarette. Other students take up smoking due to the family problems, especially when they see their parents having quarrels. Moreover, some students smoke since they think a cigarette would relieve stress they had during the day, especially at school. Last but not least, students try to imitate adult smokers because they want to show that they are adults, too. If we look at the consequences of smoking, we will find so many. Smoking causes cancer. As a result, the addict students would suffer from health problems that en d in death.Another effect is that after certain years, the addict would develop respiratory problems and will face a lot of problems in running without losing breath. So, asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema are always a lingering threat. One more important effect of smoking is that it causes a lot of anger for the addict. Whenever they lack cigarettes, they start reacting angrily and strangely. To sum up, smoking is an ongoing threatening danger for addicts and might affect the next generation. The best solution is prevention according to the proverb that says Prevention is better than cure.

The Effects of Video Games

Video games effects on amicable life Many people entertain al slipway been looking for some type of cheer, and it has been through many forms, from performing with toys, to playing cards, to playing sports, and etc. However, nowadays with so much access to engineering and everything that it offers. Various entertainments atomic number 18 way to a greater extent exciting and sophisticated. Among the new-made electronic inventions, the 21 the century has revealed video games, a new exhilaration creating a realistic word on computers, on TV and different platforms like smartness.Which can be very useful in a dull, vague or sluggish situation. Video games have turned to be an amazing source of entertainment because of their diversity, their innovation, and their capacity to be so close to the reality. It has been shown that video games were developing skills for gamers and were a considerable social instrument. Nevertheless, videotapes have always been a subject of controversy an d seen by a lot of people/parents as dangerous and a bad influence, create addiction, bad behaviors, or even violence, which is true However there are many Positive effects as well.In this essay I will pardon the causes and effects of video games on an individual such as myself and how I tend to abuse good things without moderation. I state many opinions that embrace new technologies and see it as a great social instrument But overall explaining how playing Video games can create and cause some substantiative and negative effects on my lifestyle. The usefulness of good things has always been a problem for me, causing me to drift and abuse certain things, which is becoming a self-disciplinary problem, non to mention creating dictions.An addiction can be defined by a physical or psychological need for a habit-forming substance. And that substance for me is playing video games, so in other words playing video games gives me the comfort and excitement that I need. But also distracti ng and causing me to develop bad habits but however, is that a good or bad thing? Many times it creates bad habits and causes me to develop laziness, affecting my schoolwork or work performance.Consequently, I tend to lack assignments and time management, for instance, turning in my assignments late or implementing them at the last minute because Im up all night trying to drop a level on a certain game and when I start a new level I cant sleep until its completed. So for some(prenominal) cases I would say its a bad thing. In some cases playing video games gets out of control because I tend avoid many social activities with my family and friends because it has most of my have my attention. Once Im in my gaming habitat its hard to pull me away from it. Its sort of like a drug. At times I feel as if I am in the game and I cant get out.Sometime my family and friends dont call me to do social activities because they think my answer is always exhalation to be no Although, Sometimes it aggravates me because there are times where Im not playing video games and I want to go out and the times I call them to go out they say there busy. So avoid social activities it creates a mental warfare and selfishness, affecting me in negative ways for to perform, succeed, pursue, and socialize. As a basketball player, I personally play a lot of video games to keep my mind in the game and still having a ay to practice while I am resting.Video games are a great entertainment source to me, it abets me learn and develop different skills. However some games are a great simulator of life and are really efficient for athletes with games like NAB K, FIFE, and Madden Football sometimes giving me the ability to learn and hence go out there and practice. Because it creates self-motivation, causing an athlete like myself to get better. They develop notably a better hand/eye coordination, a uplifted level of focus, repetition, and fundamentals Thus having some positive effects.In conclusi on I say that I really enjoy playing video games and I decidedly think it is an amazing creation, I am still wondering how people can be able to create such a sophisticated entertainment and I am also totally aware of the risks that I take. And I know the feeling of wanting to play a little bit more and ending going to bed at Sam while I have to wake up at 8 to go to school the corresponding morning. I am learning to overcome my addictions and bad habits and evolve in the smart way and apply simple solutions that I intake and maybe help people with similar problems.

GIS – Harrow

For my report Ive chosen 4 GIS maps from the Harrow councils official website (to make the results more(prenominal) reliable) that show the differentiation between the standards of living across the capital of the United Kingdom borough of Harrow. The GIS maps that I chose (and copied as evidence) include nation density, breeding expectancy, street crime, and income directs I suck in analysed them and described what the variations in each map atomic number 18 and what they show us. To conclude my report I live with compared the variations in solely in all the maps, and described what they show us.This map shows the main wards in the borough of Harrow.Pop. DensityThis map (see above) shows the creation density levels in wards across Harrow.The map shows us that there is a mix of both high and paltry macrocosm density levels across the borough.The pairing east and west of the borough is the most sparsest, as its got the lowest amount of volume per hectare- 5-less than 40 people and 40-less than 55 High per hectare.Population density levels are more concentrated in the middle of the borough, where wards standardized Wealdstone, headstone spousal relationship, Kenton west, and Marlborough are located, with equally high density levels spreading towards the sulfurward of the borough-towards the south east, where high pop. density levels are also super concentrated, Kenton east is situated there. The south west of the borough has more of a mix of pop. density levels, as theyre between mostly 40-less than 50 people per hectare, and 83-less than 107 people per hectare. (Wards like Roxbourne, and West Harrow which are situated in the south west of the borough have higher population density levels).Life expectancyThis map (see above) shows the flavor expectancy levels in wards, across Harrow.The map shows us that the manners expectancy levels across the borough are mainly low- theyre mostly around 78.5 years to less than 80 years, and 80 years to le ss than 81 years.The map shows us that generally the centre of the borough has got the lowest life expectancy levels in the borough, with a life expectancy of 76-less than 78.5 years and 78.5-less than 80 years. The areas with the highest life expectancies in the borough are the far north east where Cannons is located, with a high life expectancy of 81.5-less than 83 years, and the far south east, where Edgware is located, with a life expectancy of 81-less than 81.5 years. In general, I bring forward that the graph shows us that the west-north /west of the borough has got the highest life expectancy, with mostly a life expectancy of 81.5-less than 83 years the north-west has got a high life expectancy of 81-less than 81.5 years.Street crime-darker area=more street crimeThis map (see above) shows the levels of street crime in wards, across Harrow.The map shows us that generally, fairly high levels of street crime are quite wide sprinkle across the borough, the fact that there is n o legend available for this map makes it less reliable.The centre of the borough seems to have the most amount of street crime, as generally, therere darker areas are more concentrated, with Greenhill in the south having the highest level of crime as it is the darkest area. The whole of the eastern section of the borough also seems to have a high index for crime levels- where wards like Cannons and Edgware are located, as therere lots of dark areas and theyre highly concentrated. The north/ west have got the lowest indication levels for street crime, as therere a lot of light areas that are fairly highly concentrated, wards like Pinner, Hatch End, Headstone north, and Pinner south are located.Income-darker=less income, lighter=more income.This map (see above) shows us the levels of income in wards, across Harrow.The map shows us that generally fairly low income levels are widely dispersed across the borough, the fact that there is no legend available for this map makes it less rel iable.The south of the borough seems to have a lower indicator level for income, as these areas are darker and highly concentrated, where wards like Greenhill, Marlborough, and Kenton are situated. mainly the east of the borough seems to have the low levels of income too (second after the centre). The north west section of the borough seems to have fairly low levels of crime as there are lighter areas, wards like Pinner, Hatch End, Rayners Lane, and Headstone north are located.ConclusionBy comparing the 4 variations between the standards of living in Harrow for all 4 of the GIS maps, I have make up that in general, the north west of the borough has got the lowest indicators for street crime, and population density, while having the highest indicators for life expectancy, and income. I think this is due to the fact that the categories may be interdependent. I think that because people in the north west generally have a higher income compared to the rest of the borough, so this coul dve had an impact on the other results from the other categories, e.g. the reason why there is a low indicator for population density in the area could be because the house prices are higher in this area, so people cant really afford to live in this area (as the majority of the rest of the borough seem to generally have a lower income level). Also, the results suggest that street crime levels are generally low in this area because of the low indicator of population density in this area.I have also found that in general, the south/west of the borough has got the highest indicator for population density levels, street crime levels, low income levels, and a low indicator for life expectancy levels. I think that this is due to the fact that the categories may have a correlation. I think that because people in the north west generally have a high indicator for population density levels, as they may have a low income compared to the north west of the borough (which has a high indicator fo r income), so they cant really afford to live in the north west, this could also be the reason why generally street crime levels are higher in the south east, because of the high indicator for population density. Also, the reason that the area in general has a low indicator for life expectancy may be because of the larger amount of people who live there.

Why the Legal Drinking Age Should Stay at Twenty-one

intoxi thunder mugt is a depressant that feigns your vision, coordination, reaction time, multitasking ability, judgment, and decision-making (Short and coherent Term). Seventy-five pct of adults in America suck intoxicant (Health). Because of the big impact that intoxicantic bever eonic inebriety divulgelay has had on America, it has become a hot topic of debate. Specifically, on whether glum the age at which a some hotshot can goodly sup would decrease the touchstvirtuoso of alcohol clapperclaw by smalls. To decent address the issue of to a lower placeaged deglutition in America, the good tipsiness age should stay at 20-one.If move, the join of alcohol world consumed by persons under twenty-one would outgrowth, cau breakg a rise in alcohol related accidents and death. Origins of inebriant Ethanol, the alcohol we consume, is made by fermenting and di til nowing fruits and grains. alcohol fermentation is a ind healthying process which occurs when ye ast converts carbohydrates, such as starch or sugar, into alcohol. An example would be wheat employ to gain beer, or grapes to adopt wine-coloured. most(prenominal) plant matter can be used to produce alcohol.When an alcoholic beverage is consumed, 20 percent of the alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and 80 percent in the small intestine (Freudenrich). The speed of absorption depends upon the concentration of alcohol in the beverage, gender, weight, and whether your stomach is full(a) or empty food slows down the absorption of alcohol. Men generally pay off more(prenominal)(prenominal) vim mass and less fat then women, so one drink go out non affect a man as it would a woman.A person doesnt start qualitying the effects of alcohol until it is carried by the bloodstream, to thebodys tissues. This process takes about twenty minutes, depending on the derive originally consumed. erst absorbed by the bloodstream, five percent of the alcohol is expelled through the kidneys as urine, five percent through exhalation of the lungs, and the rest is broken down into acetic acid by the liver (Freudenrich). A person becomes drunk when an excess of alcohol is consumed and cannot be absorbed by the liver. Throughout history, alcohol has provided a large variety of uses for the human race.No one knows exactly when alcohol was first base used, but intentionally fermented drinks existed as archaean as 10,000 B. C. (Patrick, 12-13). In ancient Egypt, brewing dates back to the beginning of civilization, where alcohol played an important disgorge in worship of the gods (Cherrington, vol. 1, 404). Alcoholic beverages were used for pleasure, nutrition, medicine and ritual. In China, alcohol was considered a spiritual food, acting an important design in apparitional life (Hucker, 28).In ancient times plenty eer drank when h emeritusing a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating v ictory, before feuding and formal executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, spell attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquets (Fei-Peng, 13). Greeks were the most restrained when it came to alcohol ingestion in ancient history. This had to do with their rules stressing moderate sw re litigate, diluting wine with water, and avoiding excess (Austin, 11).However, intoxication at gatherings and festivals was not uncommon. By 1,700 B. C. , wine making was commonplace, and during the next thousand years wine alcohol addiction assumed the same function so commonly found around the world It was incorporated into religious rituals, it became important in hospitality, it was used for medicative purposes and it became an integral part of daily meals (Babor, 1986, pp. 2-3). Greek philosopher, Plato, thought wine, in moderation, was beneficial to ones wellness and happiness.With all of these ancient countries prospering, and consuming alcohol for the better, it is difficult to believe that alcohol inhalation laws atomic number 18 being abused every day by underaged drinkers. Temperance Movement In the early days of America, alcohol was viewed positively, with the idea that it was to be received with thankfulness. Even toddlers drank alcohol it was seen as healthful for everyone.Ironically enough, for over thirty years, those who abstained from alcohol had to pay life insurance rates thatwere ten percent high than that for drinkers. Those who held back from alcohol were seen as thin and watery, and as mentally cranked, in that he repudiated the good creatures of God as found in alcoholic drinks (Kobler, 26). There was an expectation that abusing alcohol was not acceptable. inebriateenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony. Excess was a personal indiscretion (Aaron and Must o, 132).Violations did occur, but for the most part, alcohol abuse was not a major problem, until urbanization. With an add in poverty and crime in colonial America, came an increase in alcohol abuse. A sizeable number of Americans for the first time began to drink to excess by themselves. The solo eat was a new pattern of inebriety in which tips of abstinence were interspersed every week, month, or season with one to iii-day periods of solitary inebriation (Rorabaugh, 144). This is when people began to search for solutions to boozing problems.One suggestion came from one of the most influential physicians of the period, Dr. benjamin Rush. In 1784, Dr. Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to a persons material and psychological health (Katcher, 275). Many thought that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to abstain from drinking alcohol completely. With the influence of Rushs belief, the first sombreness association was formed in computed axial tom ography in 1789, and within the next few decades separate temperance organizations were formed in eight states (Ashbury, 28-31).The succeeding(a) of this exertion to moderate alcohol seemed bright, but galore(postnominal) of its leaders overestimated their strength they expanded their activities and took positions on other moral issues. This just turned into political bickering, and by the early 1820s their movement was stalled. To get out of this standstill, most temperance organizations argued that the only way to prevent drunkenness was to eliminate alcohol consumption completely. darn the Temperance Movement began by advocating the temperate, or moderate, use of alcohol, it now said that no one should be permitted to drink any amounts of alcohol (Royce, 40).They became much more extreme, devoted advocates of their cause. They became prohibitionists. For decades the American public was flooded with temperance pamphlets, temperance novels, temperance newspapers, temperance ser mons, and temperance lectures-the longest sustained and perhaps the largest organized effort at mass communication about a social issue that the country has ever seen (Room, 22). Interestingly enough, foundation beer, the carbonated soft drink, was developed by prohibitionists in the hopes that it would replace beer in popularity that effort was clearly unsuccessful.Many prohibitionists adage it as their religious duty to encourage temperance, even through politics. Children were even used in the movement to march, sing and exert pressure at polling places. One of the leading organizations for National Prohibition, the Anti-Saloon League, stressed its religious character, and anything it did was seen as moral or justified because it was working for God. Decades later, their strong organization and political tactics paid off in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, establishing national prohibition.A leader of the Anti-Saloon League stated that before i ts passage in Congress, 13,000 business people who supported prohibition were given crucial instructions We occlude the telegraph wires in Congress for three days. One of our friends sent seventy-five telegrams, each signed other than with the name of one his subordinates. The campaign was successful. Congress surrendered. The first to bear the white flag was Senator Warren Harding of Ohio. He told us frankly he was opposed to the amendment, but since it was apparent from the telegrams that the business world was demanding it he would plunge his own opinion and vote for submission.(Pollard, 107)For decades prohibition had been advocated as the magical solution to the nations poverty, crime, and other indiscretions (Aaron and Musto, 157). However, almost immediately after the Eighteenth Amendment was imposed, alcohol was being made and consumed il effectively. Grape juice began to divvy up as bricks or blocks of Rhine Wine along with a warning After dissolving the brick in a gallo n of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine (Aaron and Musto, 159). Ironically, American alcohol production and consumption grew during the period of prohibition.It encouraged high amounts of alcohol consumption in secretive, unregulated ways. People did not take the worry to go to a speakeasy, present the password, and pay high prices for very poor quality alcohol just to call for a beer. When people went to speakeasies, they went to get drunk. (Zinberg and Fraser, 468). Removing the alcohol from the norms of everyday society increased drinking problems. Without well-known prescriptions for use and commonly held sanctions against abuse, prohibition drinkers were left almost as defenseless as were the South American Indians in the face of Spanish rum and brandy. (Zinberg and Fraser, 470).Violence and corruption of public officials caused by prohibition only added to the tendency of problems. It became difficult to convict prohibition violators because public support for the law and its enforcement dramatically weakened. For example, of 7,000 arrests in New York amidst 1921 and 1923, only twenty-seven directed in convictions (Lender and Martin, 154). Political views on the law began to shift as its ineffectualness became evident. Even John D. Rockefeller, Jr. , a lifelong abstainer, announced his support for repeal of the eighteenth amendment, because of the widespread problems it caused (Prendergast, 44).The popular vote for repeal of the eighteenth amendment was three to one, the American people rejected prohibition (Childs, 260-261). It is obvious that alcohol abuse was, and still is, an infinite problem faced by American adults and adolescents. Clearly permanently abstaining from alcohol is a mess as well. The solution, to find a healthy medium, is clear allow Americans the consumption of alcohol, but restricting the age at which it can be consumed to twenty-one bequeath support alcohol in moderation and promote lawfulness when consuming alcohol. pocket-sized Alcohol Abuse Alcohol use among teenagers is not uncommon. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine says, by the end of high school, about 75% of adolescents accept tried alcohol, and more than half score having been drunk at least once in their life. Alcohol is involved in more than one-third of the adolescent deaths associated with unintentional injury, homicide, and suicide (Further and Fredrick). If the drinking age is lowered to 18, youth in this country will start drinking at unsalteder and younger ages.It will be much easier for 15 to 17 year olds to sire alcohol via their 18 year old peers in high school (Fell). The abundance of alcohol will cause distractions to students studies as well as create dangers after hours. More accidents are bound to occur, and teens will be less likely to report medical need if they are under the influence, whether it be for fear of getting in tr ouble or just so drunk that theyre unaware of any sort of problem. A higher drinking age has proven to be beneficial to the health and safety of underaged women.Adolescent drinking plays a significant role in lay on the liney sexual behavior, including unwanted, unintended, and unprotected sexual military action, and sex with multiple partners (Cooper and Orcutt). Such behavior increases the put on the line for unplanned pregnancy and for contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (Cooper et al. , 1994). If the drinking age is lowered below twenty-one, adolescents will feel more comfortable drinking more, inadvertently increasing the take chances of physical and sexual assault among women (Staley, 1998).Having alcohol in the body part youre driving changes your exceed and speed perception by making you see things farther or closer than they really are, or makes you feel like youre driving the speed limit when your e really speeding (Short and foresighted Term). Every day in America, another 27 people die as a result of drunk driving crashes (An Examination). Sixty percent of all teen deaths in car accidents are alcohol related, and, in a single year, 522 children under the age of 14 were arrested for driving while intoxicated (Teenage Drunk Driving).During the 1980s, the nation saw a reduction in alcohol-related fatal crashes, directly attributable to raising the legal minimum age for the sale and public possession of alcohol to age 21 (Statement) It is estimated that minimum drinking age laws have prevented nearly 25,000 fatalities since 1975 Fig. 1. Cumulative Estimated Number of Young Lives Saved by Minimum tipsiness Age Laws, 1975-2007 (Traffic Safety Facts, Young Drivers, 2006). However, underaged drinking is still a problem.High school teens drive after drinking about 2.4 million times a month (Teen Drinking and Driving). These numbers will only increase if the drinking age is lowered , because alcohol will be more readily available to adolescents, and misuse will be deadly. Blood alcohol content is the percentage of alcohol in the blood. All 50 states have a bun in the oven that the legal blood alcohol content remain at . 08% or less when driving a motor vehicle. This means that . 08% of a persons blood, by volume, is alcohol (The Code).Teenage boys with a Blood Alcohol level of . 05%-.10% are 18 times more likely to suffer a single vehicle crash than a teenager with no alcohol in the bloodstream (Teenage Drunk Driving). Thats devil beers in the course of one hour. Do you really want alcohol consumption to be legal for eighteen year olds? The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Report of 1995 showed that raising the drinking age to twenty-one reduced teen traffic accidents significantly, and brought a thirteen percent decrease in fatal traffic accidents for all ages. Alcohol abuse has been a rising problem for the past three decades.With continued exposure, the human body must adapt to increase the tolerance of alcohol. This involves an increase in the amount of the livers enzymes that are used to break down alcohol, and an increase in brain activity and nervous-system neurons (Freudenrich). These adaptations forbidly change a persons behavior. With long-term alcohol exposure, the body does become more efficient at eliminating alcohol in the blood, but this also means that the person must drink more alcohol to experience the same effects as before, which leads to more drinking and contributes to addiction.Alcohol addiction, or alcoholism, is a chronic disease in which a person becomes physically dependent on alcohol (Watson). non everyone who drinks alcohol heavily is considered an alcoholic. Those who drink enough to affect their family or job responsibilities, or drive while intoxicated, abuse alcohol, but they do not necessarily have a dependence on it. Alcoholics feel the need to drink, similarly to the way that most pe ople feel the need to eat. There are many social divisors that can cause one to develop alcoholism. Some include peer pressure, advertising, and the environment.Young people are extremely susceptible to peer pressure. Too many teenagers think it is acceptable to drink because their friends are doing it. Adolescents who drink alcohol experience problems with brain development and learning. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and drink says that people who begin drinking before age fifteen are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence at some time in their lives compared to those who have their first drink at age twenty or older. Lowering the drinking age would only create more alcohol addiction among adolescents.Alcohol, in the long-term, disrupts normal brain development causes permanent liver deadening kills brain cells, destroys organs and causes heart problems such as heart attack, disease and stroke (Short and Long Term). The higher the legal drinking age is, the less likely alcohol will be a factor in a young adults death, and the more longevity of the average persons life. Reaffirming the Legal Drinking Age believe it or not, there are exceptions to the law that makes it illegal for anyone under the age of twenty-one to consume alcohol.In 29 states, its legal for a minor to drink alcohol on private, non alcohol-selling premises, with parental consent, and eleven states allow for minors to have alcohol on alcohol-selling premises, with parental approval (ProCon. org). These exceptions to the law are extremely flawed. Alcohol affects minors in a way that is different to adults consuming alcohol. Its legal for a minor to drink alcohol on private property with parental consent. What does that say if the parents are drunk themselves?Parents under the influence would not give proper supervision to the minors drinking alcohol, and, therefore, greatly increase the risk of an accident. This exception needs to be abolished, because adolescents consuming alcohol has proven negative short-term and long-term consequences. Underage drinking is a leading contributor to death from injuries, which are the main cause of death for people under age twenty-one. Annually, about 5,000 people under age 21 die from alcohol-related injuries involving underage drinking (The Surgeon, 10).About 1,600 deaths result from homicides and 300 from suicides (Teen Drinking and Driving). If adolescents are given permission by parents to drink alcohol, then they will assume that they can get away with alcohol consumption in their homes when their parents are not around. This can lead to dangerous parties with underaged alcohol consumption. Many rights have different ages of mental home. A person can obtain a hunting license at age twelve, drivers license at age sixteen, vote and serve in the military at eighteen, serve in the U. S.House of Representatives at age twenty-five and in the U. S. Senate at age thirty and run for President at age thirty-f ive (Wagenaar and Toomey). The minimum age of initiation is based on the specific behavior involved and must take into composition the dangers and benefits of that behavior at a given age (Wagenaar and Toomey). The policy for alcohol consumption at age twenty-one takes into account the fact that underage drinking is related to numerous serious problems, including injuries and deaths resulting from car crashes, suicide, homicide, assault, drowning and recreational injuries.One argument for lowering the legal drinking age is that nineteen and twenty year-olds are drinking anyway, so why not legalize it so they will drink in controlled settings? Research shows that about half of drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated (DWI) or killed as drinking drivers in traffic crashes, did their drinking at licensed establishments (An Examination). Most other foreign countries have a lower drinking age than America. It is argued that alcohol is a large part of the European family than it i s part of the American family.Many have argued that a high drinking age forces young people to drink without adult supervision, on the contrary making it legal for eighteen to twenty year-olds to drink alcohol causes worse problems because of the abundance of drinking that takes place. For example, in New Zealand, the drinking age was lowered from twenty to eighteen in 1999. After the drinking age was lowered to eighteen, there was a significant increase in traffic crashes among youth affected by the law change (Kypri et al., 126-131).About half of the European countries have intoxication rates among young people that are higher than the intoxication rates in the unify States (Comparison). This evidence proves that younger drinking ages are hazardous to the health of adolescents, which, is why the American minimum legal drinking age should stay at twenty-one. Research has proven that keeping the age at which one can legally consume alcohol at twenty-one is shell for Americans and their well being.In ancient times, alcohol in moderation was seen as a way of life, but modern day has consistently shown the need for regulation of alcoholic drinking. The problem with identifying the optimum minimum drinking age, to reduce alcohol abuse, involves many issues of freedom, responsibility, religion, politics and many other realms of life (Alcohol). Americas past has shown that making the consumption of alcohol illegal to everyone is a disaster. Keeping the legal drinking age at twenty-one is the best solution, because it promotes healthier drinking habits for everyone, especially the futures adults.Keeping the legal age at twenty-one reduces the amount of death and injury sexually transmitted diseases and abuse and addiction. The public should be informed on the risks and negative effects to ones health when drinking too much alcohol. Keep in point the harmful short- and long-term affects alcohol has on the body. The next time you decide to sit down and have a drink, or two, or three, remember the lasting harmful effects that will ensue, especially if your still growing and developing.

Candy Shop

Candy Shop Business Plan It would seem that if youre starting a confectionary that writing a sugarcoat storage business stick turn out should be all sugar, sweet, and fun as well. If youre here, youve figured out thats not exactly the case. Thats because writing a candy shop business plan can be as difficult as developing a coherent and effective strategy and plan for any other new start-up or existing operation. As youve probably figured out by now, its going to take more than a passion for chocolate to get your business make the ground.But if youre still struggling to get started, here are a few things to study round that depart help you develop your candy shop business plan Why ordain your candy shop be unique? How will you generate a profit? Will you charge high prices? salve costs low? Both? Are there any competing businesses in the area? If so, how will you coerce customers from them? Why are you the right person to handle the operation? These questions can help you start to think about the things that will be critical to the success of your business.In addition, they are important to answer because investors or lenders will want to see that youve considered and sufficiently addressed these points in your business plan. If youd like more information about the other elements that a banker, angel investor, or venture capitalist might want in your candy shop business plan, MasterPlans can help. We are the leaders in the business plan writing pains and have developed scores of successful business plans for our clients.

Personality Analysis Essay

How Personality Affects Situational BehaviorRelative to attainment theory adult male sort is associated with cognitive and environsal factors (Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura (1997) self-efficacy theory supposes a persons individual perception on if a particular task could be achieved and influence a persons aptitude to achieve. Bandura deemed the cause of personal efficacy profoundly has an effect a persons reaction in a particular circumstance. Conversely, even supposing an essential influence it is not, the sole influence on sort. Personal arithmetic means, previous behavior, in addition to the environment play a role in what causes behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009).Presupposition of the behaviorist go outing theory, individuals die hard learning by experimenting with alternatives individuals evaluate diverse behaviors until they connect with a specific behavior. Learning theory considers domain pertain past learned information as a process to acquiring particular expectation and common principles in cogitate circumstances (Feist & Feist, 2009). An individual reviews similar experiences before generating behavior in a new circumstance this method determines the best action and selects one that will suggest a related result (Feist & Feist, 2009). It has been established in some theories the learner is unreceptive and basically reacts to environmental motivation. Cognitive learning theory supposes individuals are sympathetic logical beings, thus individual behavior is established as a result of conception evolution.Personality theories stem from an array of developments manipulations, effects, and many other aspects. The base of genius theories began with several(prenominal) prominent theorists, Jung, Freud, Klein, and Erikson, and many others. The similarity of influences and the development of temper on behavior remain in psychological science today. An individuals characteristic traits and personality is the combination to ones uniqueness. The devel opment method of personality transpires through environmental factors, heredity, life experiences, and behavioral changes. The relationship between personality and behavior derive from the informal work of the unconscious drive (Feist & Feist, 2009).Humanism is a standard approach that considers learning is applied as an individual process to accomplish a persons individual capability (Feist & Feist, 2009). In tender-centred theory, individual learners consent an affecting and cognitive necessity this reaction will motivate a solution to a condition (Feist & Feist, 2009). Through a learners encouraging environment, when faced with a situation, an individual will learn and respond appositely. Through a gayistic viewpoint, a response to a particular situation is direct to an individuals current needs and fulfillment. The ultimate response of the individual is in a dash substantial to the fulfillment of current or aspiring needs (Feist & Feist, 2009).A behavioristic perception of personality is far from specific and accurate. Several theorists consider that even though personality is to some extent foreseeable, a fraction of it is contradictory because of the self-determination within all of us, whereas individuals respond outside of that which is predictable. For example, you may find a person that is moderately stable and unemotional who is all of a sudden confronted with atrauma or tragedy, such as being witness or victim to a violent crime or the tragic loss of a loved one. This may trigger aspects of their personality such as extreme anger and violence.Personality Characteristics within the PerspectivesThe learning theories support that personality is an accretion of learned tendencies that carry on all through the existence. Skinner considered genetics is a significant contribution in personality development and unique personalitys stems from genetic variance the ultimate factor of shaping the personality is environmental (Feist & Feist, 2009). Skinn er also supposed(p) a persons environment and personal physical strong suit in relative to animals assisted with influencing the common personality of human beings however social environmental factors influences and creates typical personality traits. Skinner stated personality as at best a repertoire of behavior imparted by an organized set of contingencies (Skinner, 1974, as cited by Feist & Feist, 2009).According to the theory of Bandura, he believed human nature as proactive, self- organizing, self-regulating, and self-reflective (Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura established observational learning allows individuals to learn devoid of performing behavior. In addition, Bandura supposed learning theories are considered for accepting individual intelligence, differences, genetic factors or the whole realm of personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). human-centered psychology beliefs are determined towards the biological drive go outing personal development, despite of environmental fact ors people freely make their own choices (Boeree, 1997).Free will is a significant origin in personality development. Self-actualization is a dominant purpose for the conception of the personality (Boeree, 1997). Humanism declares individuals create preference and aggressively contribute in the creation of their own personalities. Maslow supposed biological factors supplied the essential factor for the individual though, cultural and environmental have an effect on shaping the self-image characteristics or personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). Rogers acknowledged self-awareness, and this consciousness allowed individuals to create preferences and partake in creating their ownunique personalities (Boeree, 1997).Interpersonal RelationsAccording to the humanist/existential viewpoint, Abraham Maslow theory involved solid love and acceptance was a primary requirement and must be fulfilled by establishing family, friendships, romantic relationships, and sustaining other personal relationsh ips. Maslow projected contentment at this stage was essential for other stages of the contentment of worldly concern (Feist & Feist, 2009). Carl Rogerss philosophy involved a child who had a parent or caregiver that had a positive interest for the child encouraged positive psychological growth.Positive affection from others is essential for well-grounded development and success toward self-actualization (Boeree, 1997). The common viewpoint of humanism and existentialism observed social relationships as a essential role of human life, without these social relationships, growth and development may not be psychologically beneficial (Hoffman, 2004). According to Feist & Feist, (2009), Maslow alleged people content in interpersonal relationships have trust in social affairs and have the knowledge and understanding of how to love.In a learning perspective, interpersonal relationships are built on shaped behaviors. For example if you grimaced at a person, the person will smile back a t you, then say I love animals and they smile leading both parties lecture more about animals and intensifying those important aspects of the individuals personality that are socially related to conversations about animals. Essentially, the interactions that a person demonstrates to others as a part of their personality are adaptations to the needs of the environment. Basically, learning theory states that the environment dictates those aspects of personality that surface in our interactions.ConclusionPersonality stems from learning theories which defines human learning and its consequential behavior and is created from environmental factors withsome internal aspects, while humanistic theory supposes in a greater mark for internal human drive toward an essential human state of self that is ascertained. The distinct viewpoint with regard to the influence of personalities on particular behavior, the unique description of human nature and personality, and the distinct clarification o f interpersonal associations all represent a distinctive perception of humanity through psychological thought and relevance.Essentially, personality, though an excellent guide to what may happen, is highly influenced by outside factors, external threats and even internal traumas that step to the fore from our past. Therefore, situational behavior can be explained through a much more complex understanding of human behavior than traits and factors and instead seems to be made up of a complex interaction of our society, genetics, family and culture.ReferencesBandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy The exercise of control. sore York Freeman.Boeree, C. G. (1997). Carl Rogers. My Webspace Files. Retrieved April 27, 2011, from http//webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/rogersColman, A. M. (Ed.). (2010). Humanistic psychology. In Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from http//www.oxfordreference.com Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). New York, NY McGraw Hill.Hof fman, L. (2004). Existential therapy. Existential Therapy Homepage. Retrieved May 08, 2011, from http//www.existential-therapy.com

Imagery in Sports

Athletes are endlessly on the envision out for proficiencys that will allow them to push back mitigate at their game. Whether it is a golf thespian who is looking to break his best score or a hockey goalie who is trying to get a shutout in the next game he plays, amateur and professional athletes are eternally trying to find ways of alter their functioning. One performance enhancing technique that has been the subject of many existential studies and theoretical speculation is the practice of imaginativeness. De exquisited in its most(prenominal) general sense, resourcefulness is an deliver that mimics factual experience.We erect be aware of seeing an image, odouring movements as an image, or experiencing an image of smell, tastes, or sounds without actually experiencing the objective thing it differs from dreams in that we are awake and conscious when we form an image. (Munroe-Chandler & Hall, 2011, p. 370) Applied to the basic problem of up(a) athletic performa nce, imagination object lessons force consist of visualizing a hole in mavin for a golfer, or imagining what it feels like to play the net in the next game for a goalie.Imagery is connected to provided distinct from the technique kn take as affable practice, where an athlete rehearses his or her strategy in competition. thither are many various kinds of imagery techniques that exist, but the question of whether vision really helps athletes to im taste is soundless a matter of some(a) debate, as is the question of how imagery whole kit and boodle. The following paper will look at the research that exists on imagery as a technique athletes can use to programme their minds.It will conclude, on the basis of this research, that imagery can indeed help communitys athletic performance, but that it should be considered as a complement rather than a substitute for practice and preparation. In order to purely understand the various ways that imagery can interact with and potent ially improve athletic performance, some kind of standard benchmark is required. It was for this reason that the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) was designed. The SIQ is an analytic tool that allows sports psychologists to make fine distinctions between the various functions of imagery as it is apply by athletes (i. . motivation versus concentration) and the levels at which imagery works (i. e. specific versus general). (Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, 1998, p. 74)This analytical model is apply by many new(prenominal) researchers in the subject area to define and make predictive claims rough the set up of various kinds of imagery on athletic performance. Weinberg (2008) defines imagery as using all the senses (or at least all the senses that are appropriate) to create or re-create an experience in the mind. (p. 2) Weinberg is careful to distinguish between earlier techniques of amiable practice that involved the review of concomitant strategies and thinking about perfo rmance and current techniques of mental imagery, writing that it is very different, for example, if a tennis faker simply went over his strategy for how he would like to play an upcoming competitor versus actually imagining himself performing certain skills and strategies against a specific opponent. (Weinberg, p. )In essence, mental practice is a 3rd person technique in which an athlete verbally rehearses to himself how he is going to perform and what he is going to do if his opponent does a especial(a) action, while imagery is a 1st person technique where an athlete lets go of words and tries instead to place himself in the performance situation mentally. free to say, the hard and fast plane section between the two is difficult to observe or even practice in reality.Most people in their daily thoughts entertain both images and talk in their minds, and the same applies to athletes using various imagery or mental practice techniques. Using mental practice, an athlete talks him self through a performance scenario, proposing various courses of action based on an opponents previous history. Using imagery, an athlete rehearses the various body movements that are to be utilize in successfully performing the sport they are training for in their minds eye.A tennis player using mental imagery might imagine how the court will feel under his feet and how the ball will bounce. He will envision himself running up to or out-of-door from the net to return the various volleys of his opponent. Both mental practice and imagery, according to Weinberg, did in fact prove successful for athletes in improving their performance, but many of the gains that athletes experienced were solely anecdotal in other words, their performance was not subject to detail empirical scrutiny, nor was the technique of mental practice developed to a very great degree.As Weinberg notes, the effectiveness of imagery, per se, is difficult to tease out, because the meta-analyses typically combined effects from studies that used various forms of mental practice to arrive at one overall effect size. (p. 2-3) Weinberg likewise notes that the field of mental imagery in sports has become more(prenominal)(prenominal) rigorous in the past decade or so, noting that current imagery research (as well as the practice of imagery in the field) often involves detailed scripts that focus on achieving particular outcomes arlier mental practice research was generally not this rigorous in this regard or simply was not interested in this type of mental preparation. (Weinberg, 2008, p. 3)Post, Wrisberg, and Mullins (2010) describe the results of a ask on imagery where basketball players on a girls highschool team were asked to participate in a guided imagery exercise forwards half of the games the girls played during their season. The authors collected entropy on both the victories that the girls team had won and also the number of made versus missed on the loose(p) throw shots.Subject ing the data to a 2 by 2 chi-square analysis, these authors concluded that the imagery technique used by the girls before their games significantly improved their chances of winning and improved their chances of making free throw shots. With respect to their results, Post, Wrisburg, & Mullins (2010) write that imagery alone or in combination with other psychological skills (e. g. , relaxation) can enhance the competition- link up thoughts and emotions of athletes.The documented effects of imagery include improved self-confidence, increased motivation, improved selective attention, and reduced or more effectively managed pre-competitive anxiety. (p. 2) Why this is the case is still a matter of much controversy, with explanations of the effects of mental imagery on athletic performance ranging from imagery as a rehearsal that prepares the body to imagery as a kind of attention focusing tool that makes athletes concentrate better. In the study these authors describe, 16 female varsi ty basketball players were asked to run through an imagery script created by the coach (Mullins).The script was based on several recommendations from sports psychology literature, beginning with a brief centering phase that involved deep active followed by a stimulus proposition phase where players were instructed to re-create possible game situations surrounding the free throw shot and a chemical reaction proposition phase that consisted of the actions of the entire shot from the time the player began her pre-shot routine until she saw and heard the ball swish through the net. (p. 6) Results reported by Callow and braw (2001) come to a similar conclusion with respect to the efficacy of mental imagery in improving athletic performance.In their study, they apply Martin, Moritz, and Halls (1999) model to a sample of 123 female netball players in Wales. In their analysis of the positive results they found in using imagery in netball, Callow and stalwart distinguish between two kin ds of confidence sport confidence and self-efficacy. The first refers to the belief that an athlete possesses about his or her ability to be successful in sport in general whereas the second refers to an un set offds belief in his or her capabilities to be successful in executing specific tasks and skills in specific situations (Callow & Hardy, 2001, p. 2)They propose that the mechanism by which imagery works to improve performance is directly related to the increase in the feeling of self-efficacy that athletes achieve through using directed imagery exercises. Using the SIQ framework designed by Hall et al. (1998), Callow & Hardy (2001) distinguish between five kinds of imagery cognitive General (CG e. g. , I imagine executing entire plays/programs sections just the way I want them to advance in an event/game), Cognitive Specific (CS e. g. I can easilty change an image of a skill), motivational General-Mastery (MG-M e. g. , I imagine myself working successfully through tough situ ations), Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A e. g. , I imagine the fanaticism associated with competing), and Motivational Specific (MS e. g. , I imagine myself winning a medal). (p. 2-3) These five types of imagery correspond to those employed by the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ) that Callow and Hardy used to monitor the effectiveness of imagery exercises amongst the studys sample of female netball players.The authors found not only that the use of different kinds of imagery contributed to great athletic success, but also that different types of imagery were used by players of differing skills in other words, abase skilled netballers tended to employ MG-M and CG more often than MG-A, while higher skilled netballers used MS. This indicates that different kinds of imagery possess differing levels of pertinence to an athlete. (p. 12) For instance, a higher skilled netball player will excite been in a situation where they are close to winning a championship or medal, so this kin d of imagery is something they can easily access.Novice netballers, on the other hand, will be more concerned with the functioning of basic moves and strategies, and will focus their mental resources on this aspect of the game. Similar findings of the positive effect of imagery on athletic performance are reported by MacIntyre & Moran (2007), who define the process of mental imagery as a cognitive performance-enhancement technique that is used extensively by athletes, coaches and psychologists to facilitate skill larn and performance. (p. 1)The authors go on to state that imagery techniques in enhancing athletic performance have become so prevalent that they are now considered to be a central pillar of psychology in sports. (MacIntyre & Moran, 2007, p. 1) They divide the history of imagery research into two waves, one wave consisting of empirical research into the success of mental practice, defined as the systematic use of mental imagery in order to rehearse fleshly actions. (p . )While this first wave went far in demonstrating a connection between using mental practice and athletic success, it was weakened by the fact that it had no theory to guide its findings. In response to this lack of theory, the second wave MacIntyre and Moran describe attempts to connect the success of mental practice with a humongous model or taxonomy that categorizes different types of imagery and different imagery methods. Despite this new trend in sports psychology research, findings in imagery studies continue to suffer from some significant drawbacks that undermine their conclusiveness.One drawback MacIntyre and Moran (2007) demo out is that most of the imagery studies that exist have used beginner athletes rather than professional or elite athletes. This is a problem because it is difficult to generalize about the success of mental imagery in creating better performance in athletes in general from only a particular set. Beginning athletes, simply by virtue of their novice status, might demonstrate significant athletic performance gains with or without imagery.Another helplessness of most studies these authors point out is that they do not take into account beliefs athletes have about their own imagery processes. In other words, many imagery studies do not take into account the meta-imagery that athletes might engage in concerning how successful their imagery techniques will be in improving their performance. This is clearly a drawback with respect to drawing conclusions about the ultimate efficacy of imagery, because it might not be the activity of imagery per se that helps an athlete succeed, but rather their belief that their imagery techniques will help them.Findings presented in Kim and Giacobbi (2009) educe that beliefs about the efficacy of imagery as a technique are just as, if not more important in predicted better athletic success than the technique itself. 16 middle-aged participants between 35 and 65 were asked specific questions about the use of imagery in connection with exercise. Questions concerned where, when, what (content), and why (function) participants used exercise imagery. (Kim & Giacobbi, 2009, p. 5) In addition to these questions about imagery content, participants were also asked about their own feelings concerning the impact imagery had on their exercise routines.On the whole, imagery was believed to be an activity that improved participants concentration and performance. (p. 18) The foregoing studies suggest a number of conclusions about the use and effectiveness of imagery for athletes who are looking for techniques to improve their game. One of the most obvious conclusions is that imagery does appear to enhance athletic performance, but the degree to which it does so depends in large part upon the pre-existing skill level of the person being considered.For beginners or novices at a particular sport, imagery can have a dramatic effect on performance, while for athletes who are more advanced and at a higher skill level, the effects of imagery in performance are less pronounced. A second conclusion concerning the use of imagery in sports is that the effect imagery has on performance depends to a large degree upon the beliefs of the individual with regard to the techniques effectiveness a person who believes that imaging a performance will help them creates, in a sense, a self-fulfilling prophecy of their own success.This is evenhandedly equivalent to the placebo effect that is common in the use of drugs. Third, various studies have shown that different kinds of imagery are used by athletes at different skill levels. Beginning athletes will use imagery to create scenes of successfully blocking a shot, or making a basket, whereas advanced athletes image instead the winning of a competition or event. One aspect of imagery in sports psychology that remains an issue of literary argument is the precise mechanism by which imagery is able to assist athletes perform better.As disc ussed above, different studies have proposed different ways in which imagery is effective, but none of these proposed mechanisms have been demonstrated unequivocally as being the only correct one. Most likely, the mechanism by which imagery operates is a complex one that involves not only the inner rehearsal of actions, thereby amounting to a kind of practice without practice, but also involves the heightening of concentration for the athlete.Regardless of its mechanism of action, it is clear that imagery is a technique (or rather, family of techniques) that promises much for athletes performance. Needless to say, imagery cannot ever be used as a full substitute for physical training and practice. Imagine how a football team would perform if, instead of practicing, they merely imagined practicing for the week before their too large game However, used in conjunction with rigourous training programs, imagery is an excellent psychological complement that can help athletes improve.