Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture Comparison

chivalric Architecture and Renaissance Architecture ComparisonIntroductionGothic computer computer architecture and Renaissance architecture atomic number 18 both the comprehensive examination expression of culture in their knowledge clippings. Gothic architecture started in 12th-century France and lasted for 4 centuries, into the 16th. After that, metempsychosis architecture took the place of Gothic architecture from 15 century until 17 century from Florence, Italy. Different time-backgrounds, social cultures, apparitional believes and different aesthetical standards from origins ar the main fountains that formed these two polarity architectural style, Gothic and Renaissance. They represent their time and nation, becoming a specific language. In this essay, I will study and compare two finest works from each era, Amiens cathedral and Florence Cathedral, trying to find out the contrast of these two architecture styles through the angle of historical ontogenesis on Europea n architecture.Time background and characteristics of Gothic architectureGothic architecture evolved from Romanesque architecture and indeed flourished during the high and late medieval period. Gothic started from the 12th century France and it spreaded to the entire Europe, especi every(prenominal)y south and spirit Europes architecture are deeply influenced.Europe was divided into a multitude of urban center states and kingdoms at the wipeout of the 12th century. Throughout Europe archived its heyday beca rehearse of the rapid growth in trade and the study of artificer industry, and an associated growth in towns (Banister, 1975 John 1950). Because of Ger umpteen and the Lowlands were in comparative peace, emerged bargains of large flourishing towns. With the purpose of competition with other towns, or united for mutual weal, citizens had very high enthusiasm to built ghostlike grammatical constructions. Those buildings were impressiveness to these towns, represented w ealth and pride. At that time, religious architectures wish church buildinges, cathedrals, abbeys were not only utilize as pure religious architecture, they became the central of civic lives, became as halls, Hanseatic Leagues, even markets or theaters. Not only the religious architectures, many castles, universities, municipal halls were built in knightly style and remained till today. Few of atticstic houses were black letter style. In the other word, chivalric architecture embodies the power of the rulers of the day.Gothic architecture is the zenith of European medieval architecture. No subject field the engineering technologies or the means of artistic expression both achieved an unprecedented level, and hence came the golden time of European religious architecture. Churches buildings are the most elegant and superb workmanship of construction among all gothic buildings.Amiens cathedral is the most typical gothic architecture we can almost find all of the gothic architectu re Characteristics in this building. Amiens cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It is located in Amiens, the chief city of Picardy, north of Paris. It is the tallest complete cathedral in France, with the nave high 42.30 m, and it has the greatest interior volume, estimated at 200,000 m (Wikipedia, 2009). It is state that it can contain all citizens in Amiens city at that time and more than sufficient (Baidu, 2009).Characteristics of Amiens cathedralGothic art not only can been shown on the gothic religious buildings, just now similarly painting, sculpture and crafts. A lot of sculpture, reliefs and illuminated entrances of the cathedral, let the gothic church buildings becoming art galleries. These sculptures and paintings emit out of the range of religion and restrict, emphasize portray of characters, novelty seeking for accurate human histology. It presents a new thought, a brand new art creations tend was increasing through these gothic liberal arts in church buildings, and it might lead to the renascence art. (Huihua, 2004) The Western portals of the Amiens cathedral have a lot of outstanding elegant art works. Especially their elaborate sculpture, featuring a picture gallery of locally-important saints and large eschatological scenes are justly famous. In the book Mr Standfast, John Buchan has his character Richard Hannay describe the Amiens cathedral as being the noblest church that the hand of man ever built for God.( John,1960)MaterialGothic architectures have no strict simplicity on the chosen of hearty. Mainly French gothic churches employed limestone as the material. In England, Germany and Italy, heavy materials such as marble, sandstone, brick and stone are overly be used. Amiens cathedral, just like the mostly French churches use limestone as material.Amiens cathedral have a very standardized gothic churchs Latin cross or cruciform plan. The broad nave makes the body of the cathedral. Beyond a transverse arm called the transept, t here is an extension which whitethorn be called the choir, chancel or presbytery. In other gothic churches architectures, there are several variations on the plan because of the regional reasons.Gothic architecture do a breakthrough of Romanesque style, using sprightly ogival or pointed arch, forceful spires and lots of narrow long windows instead of heavy shape, stability and semicircle arch,emphasis gothic churches verticality. These characteristics application, aimed to shit a powerful impression on the approaching people, indicating the might of God and the might of the institution that it represents. equivalent other French cathedrals, Amiens cathedral is emphasis its height, both real and proportional. The 42.30 m height nave is even advantageously taller than the width. On the interior of the Amiens cathedral, there is no break of the vertical lines. 126 giant pillars rise up from the stem lawful to the ceiling, and meet the ribs of the vault. The walls and long narrow windows are all stick to the rule of verticality. Through these methods, it leads peoples stilt up to the high, create an impression of pious and transcendence of god, and the dream of heaven.The treatment of vertical elements in gallery and window tracery of mostly French and perpendicular period of English gothic churches shows a strongly consolidative feature that counteracts the horizontal divisions of the interior structure. (Wim, 1985)Rose windows are applied widely in the design of gothic churches. In Amiens cathedral, rose windows can be found higher up the entrance and transept. This is the rose window above the west entrance of the Amiens cathedral. In Amiens cathedral, brick or stone is not the main part of the walls, but aslope glasses, which tells many stories of gods, in browse to educate people who cannot read at that time. All the rose windows and long narrow windows are using stained glass. The big contrast of dark walls and bright gorgeous windows gives a bl ack feeling.The flying buttress is a crucial element or characteristic contributing to the larruping look of Gothic cathedrals. The flying buttress was used as a structure element, supporting the walls vertically. But in some gothic architecture, it comes to become a kind of decoration of building. The flying buttress outside the clerestory walls, decreasing the solidity of structure virtually, made the cathedra looked as being suspended from heaven. Furth more, it withal compete a role to balance the network of interior vaults ribs to give the same impression of a tent-like cover over the congregation (www.wikipdia.com, 2009). In Art Through the Ages, authors describe the flying buttress as like slender extended fingers holding up the walls.( TANSEV. R , KLEINER. F. S CROIX. H, 1995)The ribbed vault is another splendour characteristic of gothic architecture. The ribbed vault is made by combining three separate but connected arches. These are the transverse arches that span th e ends of the vault, the lateral or longitudinal arches that span the length or sides of the vault, and the two diagonal arches that reach from corner to corner.(Parry. S) This simple construction dominated the medieval construction because of it is only if constructed, strong and flexible.Time background and characteristics of renaissance architectureThe renaissance architecture appeared from the 15th century Florence, Italy, and hence it spread to other European countries like France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere quickly, and formed regional renaissance architecture styles. At the end of the 14th century, the bud of capitalism in Europe. With its development, people in that era changed their attitude and fatality of art. Renaissance is a Political and cultural movement, which aim to bury the darkness rule of religious socio-economic class in medieval in Europe. The newly emergent bourgeoisie against feudal aristocracy, and at the same time, they to a fault fight with religious forces. In their mind, the though the medieval culture as historical regression, they describe the era as dark and barbarous time. Classic Greece and Rome culture was highly praised as luciferous and well- developed culture. From therefore on, the whole Europe went into the renaissance. In brief, we can find that, both the gothic and renaissance architecture, the style of architecture changed and fit the rulers taste, as a result, influence on the architecture style of that age. Because of the change of ruler, lots of mercenary buildings like town halls, theaters, palaces and covered stadiumstic buildings all built in renaissance style, not only the religious churches.St. Peters basilicaSt Peters basilica can be though as one of the most outstanding religious renaissance buildings. St. Peters Basilica is located within the Vatican City. St. Peters Basilica can hold 60,000 people within of it, been considered as the church with the largest interior of any Christian chu rch in the world. It has a very high location of Christian churches, and it is regarded as one of the holiest Christian sites. The St. Peters basilica was described as holding a unparalleled blank space in the Christian world(Lees-milne. J, 1967, p. 12.) and as the greatest of all churches of Christendom by Fletcher (FLETCHER .B, 1996, p. 719). It is the most prominent building inside the Vatican City. Its dome is an outstanding symbolic feature of the Rome skyline. It covers 2.3 hectares with a capacity of over 60,000 people.Characteristics of St Peters basilicaGothic architecture emphasizes its verticality. But renaissance architects paid lots of attention on symmetry, proportion and geometry of buildings. The faade is 114.69 meters wide and 45.55 meters high .Not as the Amiens cathedral using pointed arch, spires and lots of narrow long windows to increase the visual verticality feeling, the St Peters basilica been put emphasis on its horizontality, symmetrical around its ver tical axis. Its faades is surmounted by a pediment and organized by a system of pilasters, arches and entablatures (www.Wikipedia.com). The columns and windows show a progression towards the center. You can also find fancy sculptures of gods at the top of the basilica. Compare to Amiens cathedrals intricate decoration, colourful west entrance and a good many sculptures on the surface of the cathedral, the St Peters basilicas appearance seems more maestoso and laconic.MaterialAs the same reason as the architect of Amiens cathedral, the architect chose to use massive white travertine stone as the building material for the sake of highlight the solemn and cherubic of the basilica. For gothic architectures, stones and glasses are the only used materials. For the St Peters basilica, brick masonry is used for the domes as well. Some other renaissance churches, timber and brick are also be used for domes.The St Peters Basilica took almost 120 years to finish. Lots of architects and artist s worked together to join the design of the basilica, and made great contribution. So we can say that, the St Peters basilica is an aggregation of greatest renaissance architects and artists brightness. Donato Bramante was the first architect start the rebuilt of the St Peters basilica. movie 11 is the plan that Bramante designed, which followed the renaissance thought, applying an enormous Greek cross with a dome in the middle, enliven by that of the huge nib Roman temple, the Pantheon. But he did not blindly follow the authorised style. Bramante employed four large piers to support the basilica.Latter Bramante was replaced with Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo and Raphael. The concept of the 4 piers remained unchanged. In Raphaels design, he added a row of complex apsidal chapels off the aisles on either side. He also lessen the size of towers to define the squareness of the out(prenominal) walls. And the semi-circular apses more clearly defined by encircling each with an a mbulant (Wikipedia).It cannot deny that Michelangelo made greatest contribution to the design of the basilica. The building remained now was built base on his design, although in his design he reconsidered the obvious plans and made some improvements. Michelangelo replaced every corner of the Raphaels plan with down in the mouth vestries to blur the definition of the geometry.Columns and pilasters are the most obvious element of renaissance architecture, they are also an frame of the renaissance though, which is the classic columns and pilasters presents the harmony and senses of ancient Greece though. The whole series of columns and pilasters were continued to use by renaissance architecture. People tried to understand ancient Greeks understand of human body. So the base of the column was regarded as humans foot, the main body as the body, and the capital as humans head. A giant order of pilasters set at slightly different angles to each other was employed on the surface of the e xterior walls of St Peters basilica. They do not like columns have supportive function, they are purely decoration purpose. Columns were used inside of the building. As introduced the basilica is supported by 4 piers, the columns take the role of decoration in this case.Semi- circular arch, which was shunned by gothic architecture represent its value on renaissance architecture. They are used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. In my point of view, the pointed arch in Amiens cathedral gives a mysterious impression, but on the other hand, the renaissance semi-circular arch accidently gives people a shock of god. And the vaults without ribs continue follow the semi-circular or segmental shape. All the vaults are on a square plan, unlike the vault of Amiens cathedral, which is rectangular.The dome of St Peters basilica is the tallest point of the Vatican City. The basilica becomes the landmark of the Vatican city of the day, the conspicuous dome made the most epoc h-making contribution to this result. Qua the tallest one among all renaissance domes, the domes height is as tall as 136.57 meters, accounting from the floor to the silver cross on the top of the dome. Its internal diameter, slightly smaller than Pantheon of Ancient Rome and Florence Cathedral, is 41.47 meters. I thing Michelangelo Buonarrotis dome is another engineering success after the Florence cathedral. The dome is constructed similar as the dome of Florence cathedral, which has two shells, but the St Peters outer shell has 16 strong stone ribs, as twice of the Florence cathedral. The 16 pairs of 15 meters height columns visually buttress each of the ribs, but actually they are redundant in structure of the dome.There are some openings along bottom edge of the dome, which subdued light up the elegant painting inside of the dome. Openings on the top of dome let bright sunlight goes straight into the interior of the basilica, light up the interior room naturally. Furthermore, th e strong sunlight contrasts with the shading space, creating a saintly feeling.As the same as mostly gothic architecture, the ceiling of Amiens cathedral is left open. The interior aesthetics rely on light and shade contrast by the effect of colourful windows. The St Peters basilica is comprehensive decorated. Roofs are fitted with coffered ceilings, which are painted. Not only the ceiling, but also inside of domes are painted by famous renaissance artists. Fancy sculptures can be seen on every surface of piers, including some Michelangelos masterworks. finishAfter all, the thought of the society limited the architecture style of the day. So gothic architecture and renaissance architecture were both influenced by the particular politic, economy, culture and art of the time. After all, all architecture styles revolve about around the rulers taste, and then influenced all the building style of that era. From here we see that architecture, as the symbol of the age, also can presents the characteristics of the society. Therefore, in order to satisfied the need of new social, political and culture, architecture form changing along with the time. On the other hand, the development of engineering techniques and material gave a solid support for the development of new architecture.BibliographyBanister FLETCHER, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, June 1975John HARVEY, The Gothic World, 1100-1600 A Survey of Architecture and Art, 1950Amiens Cathedral, from Wikipedia, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral, modified on 24 December 2009Amiens cathedral, http//baike.baidu.com/view/426548.htm, modified on 27 December 2009John BUCHAN, Mr Standfast. London Penguin Books, 1960Huihua HUANG, the difference characteristics between gothic architecture and renaissance architecture, 2004Wim SWAAN, The Gothic Cathedral,1985 spry buttress, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress, 2009Richard TANSEV , Fred S. KLEINER, Horst De LA CROIX, Gardners Art Throu gh the Ages, 1995, http//www.tudorhistory.org/glossaries/f/flying_buttress.htmlStan PARRY, the key elements of gothic architecture , http//www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Arts/Architec/MiddleAgesArchitectural/GothicArchitecture/KeyElementsGothicArchitecture/KeyElementsGothicArchitecture.htmClaims made that the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro in Africa is larger appear to be spurious, as the measurements include a rectorate, a villa and probably the forecourt. Its capacity is 18,000 people against St. Peters 60,000. Its dome, based on that of St. Peters, is lower but carries a taller cross, and thus claims to be the tallest domed church.James Lees-Milne describes St Peters Basilica as a church with a unique position in the Christian world in Lees-Milne 1967, p. 12.Banister FLETCHER, the renowned architectural historian calls it The greatest of all churches of Christendom in Fletcher 1996, p. 719.Wikipedia, Renaissance architecture, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_a rchitecture,2009Wikipedia, St. Peters Basilica,2009